The MOB officially recognizes and embraces the BJCP styles of beer. Their 2008 style guidelines are provided here as a training aid for tasting and judging the beers created by our members. For more information about the BJCP, please click here.
1. Light Lager
1A. Lite American Lager
1B. Standard American Lager
1C. Premium American Lager
1D. Munich Helles
1E. Dortmunder Export
2. Pilsner
Aroma: Little to no malt aroma, although it can be grainy, sweet or corn-like if present. Hop aroma may range from none to a light, spicy or floral hop presence. Low levels of yeast character (green apples, DMS, or fruitiness) are optional but acceptable. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Very pale straw to pale yellow color. White, frothy head seldom persists. Very clear.
Flavor: Crisp and dry flavor with some low levels of grainy or corn-like sweetness. Hop flavor ranges from none to low levels. Hop bitterness at low level. Balance may vary from slightly malty to slightly bitter, but is relatively close to even. High levels of carbonation may provide a slight acidity or dry “sting.” No diacetyl. No fruitiness.
Mouthfeel: Very light body from use of a high percentage of adjuncts such as rice or corn. Very highly carbonated with slight carbonic bite on the tongue. May seem watery.
Overall Impression: Very refreshing and thirst quenching.
Comments: A lower gravity and lower calorie beer than standard international lagers. Strong flavors are a fault. Designed to appeal to the broadest range of the general public as possible.
Ingredients: Two- or six-row barley with high percentage (up to 40%) of rice or corn as adjuncts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.028 – 1.040
IBUs: 8 – 12
FG: 0.998 – 1.008
SRM: 2 – 3
ABV: 2.8 – 4.2%
Commercial Examples: Bitburger Light, Sam Adams Light, Heineken Premium Light, Miller Lite, Bud Light, Coors Light, Baltika #1 Light, Old Milwaukee Light, Amstel Light
Appearance: Very pale straw to pale yellow color. White, frothy head seldom persists. Very clear.
Flavor: Crisp and dry flavor with some low levels of grainy or corn-like sweetness. Hop flavor ranges from none to low levels. Hop bitterness at low level. Balance may vary from slightly malty to slightly bitter, but is relatively close to even. High levels of carbonation may provide a slight acidity or dry “sting.” No diacetyl. No fruitiness.
Mouthfeel: Very light body from use of a high percentage of adjuncts such as rice or corn. Very highly carbonated with slight carbonic bite on the tongue. May seem watery.
Overall Impression: Very refreshing and thirst quenching.
Comments: A lower gravity and lower calorie beer than standard international lagers. Strong flavors are a fault. Designed to appeal to the broadest range of the general public as possible.
Ingredients: Two- or six-row barley with high percentage (up to 40%) of rice or corn as adjuncts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.028 – 1.040
IBUs: 8 – 12
FG: 0.998 – 1.008
SRM: 2 – 3
ABV: 2.8 – 4.2%
Commercial Examples: Bitburger Light, Sam Adams Light, Heineken Premium Light, Miller Lite, Bud Light, Coors Light, Baltika #1 Light, Old Milwaukee Light, Amstel Light
Aroma: Little to no malt aroma, although it can be grainy, sweet or corn-like if present. Hop aroma may range from none to a light, spicy or floral hop presence. Low levels of yeast character (green apples, DMS, or fruitiness) are optional but acceptable. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Very pale straw to medium yellow color. White, frothy head seldom persists. Very clear.
Flavor: Crisp and dry flavor with some low levels of grainy or corn-like sweetness. Hop flavor ranges from none to low levels. Hop bitterness at low to medium-low level. Balance may vary from slightly malty to slightly bitter, but is relatively close to even. High levels of carbonation may provide a slight acidity or dry “sting.” No diacetyl. No fruitiness.
Mouthfeel: Light body from use of a high percentage of adjuncts such as rice or corn. Very highly carbonated with slight carbonic bite on the tongue.
Overall Impression: Very refreshing and thirst quenching.
Comments: Strong flavors are a fault. An international style including the standard mass-market lager from most countries.
Ingredients: Two- or six-row barley with high percentage (up to 40%) of rice or corn as adjuncts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.050
IBUs: 8 – 15
FG: 1.004 – 1.010
SRM: 2 – 4
ABV: 4.2 – 5.3%
Commercial Examples: Pabst Blue Ribbon, Miller High Life, Budweiser, Baltika #3 Classic, Kirin Lager, Grain Belt Premium Lager, Molson Golden, Labatt Blue, Coors Original, Foster’s Lager
Appearance: Very pale straw to medium yellow color. White, frothy head seldom persists. Very clear.
Flavor: Crisp and dry flavor with some low levels of grainy or corn-like sweetness. Hop flavor ranges from none to low levels. Hop bitterness at low to medium-low level. Balance may vary from slightly malty to slightly bitter, but is relatively close to even. High levels of carbonation may provide a slight acidity or dry “sting.” No diacetyl. No fruitiness.
Mouthfeel: Light body from use of a high percentage of adjuncts such as rice or corn. Very highly carbonated with slight carbonic bite on the tongue.
Overall Impression: Very refreshing and thirst quenching.
Comments: Strong flavors are a fault. An international style including the standard mass-market lager from most countries.
Ingredients: Two- or six-row barley with high percentage (up to 40%) of rice or corn as adjuncts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.050
IBUs: 8 – 15
FG: 1.004 – 1.010
SRM: 2 – 4
ABV: 4.2 – 5.3%
Commercial Examples: Pabst Blue Ribbon, Miller High Life, Budweiser, Baltika #3 Classic, Kirin Lager, Grain Belt Premium Lager, Molson Golden, Labatt Blue, Coors Original, Foster’s Lager
Aroma: Low to medium-low malt aroma, which can be grainy, sweet or corn-like. Hop aroma may range from very low to a medium-low, spicy or floral hop presence. Low levels of yeast character (green apples, DMS, or fruitiness) are optional but acceptable. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Pale straw to gold color. White, frothy head may not be long lasting. Very clear.
Flavor: Crisp and dry flavor with some low levels of grainy or malty sweetness. Hop flavor ranges from none to low levels. Hop bitterness at low to medium level. Balance may vary from slightly malty to slightly bitter, but is relatively close to even. High levels of carbonation may provide a slight acidity or dry “sting.” No diacetyl. No fruitiness.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light body from use of adjuncts such as rice or corn. Highly carbonated with slight carbonic bite on the tongue.
Overall Impression: Refreshing and thirst quenching, although generally more filling than standard/lite versions.
Comments: Premium beers tend to have fewer adjuncts than standard/lite lagers, and can be all-malt. Strong flavors are a fault, but premium lagers have more flavor than standard/lite lagers. A broad category of international mass-market lagers ranging from up-scale American lagers to the typical “import” or “green bottle” international beers found in America.
Ingredients: Two- or six-row barley with up to 25% rice or corn as adjuncts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.056
IBUs: 15 – 25
FG: 1.008 – 1.012
SRM: 2 – 6
ABV: 4.6 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Full Sail Session Premium Lager, Miller Genuine Draft, Corona Extra, Michelob, Coors Extra Gold, Birra Moretti, Heineken, Beck’s, Stella Artois, Red Stripe, Singha
Appearance: Pale straw to gold color. White, frothy head may not be long lasting. Very clear.
Flavor: Crisp and dry flavor with some low levels of grainy or malty sweetness. Hop flavor ranges from none to low levels. Hop bitterness at low to medium level. Balance may vary from slightly malty to slightly bitter, but is relatively close to even. High levels of carbonation may provide a slight acidity or dry “sting.” No diacetyl. No fruitiness.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light body from use of adjuncts such as rice or corn. Highly carbonated with slight carbonic bite on the tongue.
Overall Impression: Refreshing and thirst quenching, although generally more filling than standard/lite versions.
Comments: Premium beers tend to have fewer adjuncts than standard/lite lagers, and can be all-malt. Strong flavors are a fault, but premium lagers have more flavor than standard/lite lagers. A broad category of international mass-market lagers ranging from up-scale American lagers to the typical “import” or “green bottle” international beers found in America.
Ingredients: Two- or six-row barley with up to 25% rice or corn as adjuncts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.056
IBUs: 15 – 25
FG: 1.008 – 1.012
SRM: 2 – 6
ABV: 4.6 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Full Sail Session Premium Lager, Miller Genuine Draft, Corona Extra, Michelob, Coors Extra Gold, Birra Moretti, Heineken, Beck’s, Stella Artois, Red Stripe, Singha
Aroma: Pleasantly grainy-sweet, clean Pils malt aroma dominates. Low to moderately-low spicy noble hop aroma, and a low background note of DMS (from Pils malt). No esters or diacetyl.
Appearance: Medium yellow to pale gold, clear, with a creamy white head.
Flavor: Slightly sweet, malty profile. Grain and Pils malt flavors dominate, with a low to medium-low hop bitterness that supports the malty palate. Low to moderately-low spicy noble hop flavor. Finish and aftertaste remain malty. Clean, no fruity esters, no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium body, medium carbonation, smooth maltiness with no trace of astringency.
Overall Impression: Malty but fully attenuated Pils malt showcase.
History: Created in Munich in 1895 at the Spaten brewery by Gabriel Sedlmayr to compete with Pilsner-style beers.
Comments: Unlike Pilsner but like its cousin, Munich Dunkel, Helles is a malt-accentuated beer that is not overly sweet, but rather focuses on malt flavor with underlying hop bitterness in a supporting role.
Ingredients: Moderate carbonate water, Pilsner malt, German noble hop varieties.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.045 – 1.051
IBUs: 16 – 22
FG: 1.008 – 1.012
SRM: 3 – 5
ABV: 4.7 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Weihenstephaner Original, Hacker-Pschorr Münchner Gold, Bürgerbräu Wolznacher Hell Naturtrüb, Mahr’s Hell, Paulaner Premium Lager, Spaten Premium Lager, Stoudt’s Gold Lager
Appearance: Medium yellow to pale gold, clear, with a creamy white head.
Flavor: Slightly sweet, malty profile. Grain and Pils malt flavors dominate, with a low to medium-low hop bitterness that supports the malty palate. Low to moderately-low spicy noble hop flavor. Finish and aftertaste remain malty. Clean, no fruity esters, no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium body, medium carbonation, smooth maltiness with no trace of astringency.
Overall Impression: Malty but fully attenuated Pils malt showcase.
History: Created in Munich in 1895 at the Spaten brewery by Gabriel Sedlmayr to compete with Pilsner-style beers.
Comments: Unlike Pilsner but like its cousin, Munich Dunkel, Helles is a malt-accentuated beer that is not overly sweet, but rather focuses on malt flavor with underlying hop bitterness in a supporting role.
Ingredients: Moderate carbonate water, Pilsner malt, German noble hop varieties.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.045 – 1.051
IBUs: 16 – 22
FG: 1.008 – 1.012
SRM: 3 – 5
ABV: 4.7 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Weihenstephaner Original, Hacker-Pschorr Münchner Gold, Bürgerbräu Wolznacher Hell Naturtrüb, Mahr’s Hell, Paulaner Premium Lager, Spaten Premium Lager, Stoudt’s Gold Lager
Aroma: Low to medium noble (German or Czech) hop aroma. Moderate Pils malt aroma; can be grainy to somewhat sweet. May have an initial sulfury aroma (from water and/or yeast) and a low background note of DMS (from Pils malt). No diacetyl.
Appearance: Light gold to deep gold, clear with a persistent white head.
Flavor: Neither Pils malt nor noble hops dominate, but both are in good balance with a touch of malty sweetness, providing a smooth yet crisply refreshing beer. Balance continues through the finish and the hop bitterness lingers in aftertaste (although some examples may finish slightly sweet). Clean, no fruity esters, no diacetyl. Some mineral character might be noted from the water, although it usually does not come across as an overt minerally flavor.
Mouthfeel: Medium body, medium carbonation.
Overall Impression: Balance and smoothness are the hallmarks of this style. It has the malt profile of a Helles, the hop character of a Pils, and is slightly stronger than both.
History: A style indigenous to the Dortmund industrial region, Dortmunder has been on the decline in Germany in recent years.
Comments: Brewed to a slightly higher starting gravity than other light lagers, providing a firm malty body and underlying maltiness to complement the sulfate-accentuated hop bitterness. The term “Export” is a beer strength category under German beer tax law, and is not strictly synonymous with the “Dortmunder” style. Beer from other cities or regions can be brewed to Export strength, and labeled as such.
Ingredients: Minerally water with high levels of sulfates, carbonates and chlorides, German or Czech noble hops, Pilsner malt, German lager yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.056
IBUs: 23 – 30
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 4 – 6
ABV: 4.8 – 6.0%
Commercial Examples: DAB Export, Dortmunder Union Export, Dortmunder Kronen, Ayinger Jahrhundert, Great Lakes Dortmunder Gold, Barrel House Duveneck’s Dortmunder, Bell’s Lager, Dominion Lager, Gordon Biersch Golden Export, Flensburger Gold
Appearance: Light gold to deep gold, clear with a persistent white head.
Flavor: Neither Pils malt nor noble hops dominate, but both are in good balance with a touch of malty sweetness, providing a smooth yet crisply refreshing beer. Balance continues through the finish and the hop bitterness lingers in aftertaste (although some examples may finish slightly sweet). Clean, no fruity esters, no diacetyl. Some mineral character might be noted from the water, although it usually does not come across as an overt minerally flavor.
Mouthfeel: Medium body, medium carbonation.
Overall Impression: Balance and smoothness are the hallmarks of this style. It has the malt profile of a Helles, the hop character of a Pils, and is slightly stronger than both.
History: A style indigenous to the Dortmund industrial region, Dortmunder has been on the decline in Germany in recent years.
Comments: Brewed to a slightly higher starting gravity than other light lagers, providing a firm malty body and underlying maltiness to complement the sulfate-accentuated hop bitterness. The term “Export” is a beer strength category under German beer tax law, and is not strictly synonymous with the “Dortmunder” style. Beer from other cities or regions can be brewed to Export strength, and labeled as such.
Ingredients: Minerally water with high levels of sulfates, carbonates and chlorides, German or Czech noble hops, Pilsner malt, German lager yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.056
IBUs: 23 – 30
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 4 – 6
ABV: 4.8 – 6.0%
Commercial Examples: DAB Export, Dortmunder Union Export, Dortmunder Kronen, Ayinger Jahrhundert, Great Lakes Dortmunder Gold, Barrel House Duveneck’s Dortmunder, Bell’s Lager, Dominion Lager, Gordon Biersch Golden Export, Flensburger Gold
2A. German Pilsner (Pils)
2B. Bohemian Pilsener
2C. Classic American Pilsner
3. European Amber Lager
Aroma: Typically features a light grainy Pils malt character (sometimes Graham cracker-like) and distinctive flowery or spicy noble hops. Clean, no fruity esters, no diacetyl. May have an initial sulfury aroma (from water and/or yeast) and a low background note of DMS (from Pils malt).
Appearance: Straw to light gold, brilliant to very clear, with a creamy, long-lasting white head.
Flavor: Crisp and bitter, with a dry to medium-dry finish. Moderate to moderately-low yet well attenuated maltiness, although some grainy flavors and slight Pils malt sweetness are acceptable. Hop bitterness dominates taste and continues through the finish and lingers into the aftertaste. Hop flavor can range from low to high but should only be derived from German noble hops. Clean, no fruity esters, no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light body, medium to high carbonation.
Overall Impression: Crisp, clean, refreshing beer that prominently features noble German hop bitterness accentuated by sulfates in the water.
History: A copy of Bohemian Pilsener adapted to brewing conditions in Germany.
Comments: Drier and crisper than a Bohemian Pilsener with a bitterness that tends to linger more in the aftertaste due to higher attenuation and higher-sulfate water. Lighter in body and color, and with higher carbonation than a Bohemian Pilsener. Modern examples of German Pilsners tend to become paler in color, drier in finish, and more bitter as you move from South to North in Germany.
Ingredients: Pilsner malt, German hop varieties (especially noble varieties such as Hallertauer, Tettnanger and Spalt for taste and aroma), medium sulfate water, German lager yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.050
IBUs: 25 – 45
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 2 – 5
ABV: 4.4 – 5.2%
Commercial Examples: Victory Prima Pils, Bitburger, Warsteiner, Trumer Pils, Old Dominion Tupper’s Hop Pocket Pils, König Pilsener, Jever Pils, Left Hand Polestar Pilsner, Holsten Pils, Spaten Pils, Brooklyn Pilsner
Appearance: Straw to light gold, brilliant to very clear, with a creamy, long-lasting white head.
Flavor: Crisp and bitter, with a dry to medium-dry finish. Moderate to moderately-low yet well attenuated maltiness, although some grainy flavors and slight Pils malt sweetness are acceptable. Hop bitterness dominates taste and continues through the finish and lingers into the aftertaste. Hop flavor can range from low to high but should only be derived from German noble hops. Clean, no fruity esters, no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light body, medium to high carbonation.
Overall Impression: Crisp, clean, refreshing beer that prominently features noble German hop bitterness accentuated by sulfates in the water.
History: A copy of Bohemian Pilsener adapted to brewing conditions in Germany.
Comments: Drier and crisper than a Bohemian Pilsener with a bitterness that tends to linger more in the aftertaste due to higher attenuation and higher-sulfate water. Lighter in body and color, and with higher carbonation than a Bohemian Pilsener. Modern examples of German Pilsners tend to become paler in color, drier in finish, and more bitter as you move from South to North in Germany.
Ingredients: Pilsner malt, German hop varieties (especially noble varieties such as Hallertauer, Tettnanger and Spalt for taste and aroma), medium sulfate water, German lager yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.050
IBUs: 25 – 45
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 2 – 5
ABV: 4.4 – 5.2%
Commercial Examples: Victory Prima Pils, Bitburger, Warsteiner, Trumer Pils, Old Dominion Tupper’s Hop Pocket Pils, König Pilsener, Jever Pils, Left Hand Polestar Pilsner, Holsten Pils, Spaten Pils, Brooklyn Pilsner
Aroma: Rich with complex malt and a spicy, floral Saaz hop bouquet. Some pleasant, restrained diacetyl is acceptable, but need not be present. Otherwise clean, with no fruity esters.
Appearance: Very pale gold to deep burnished gold, brilliant to very clear, with a dense, long-lasting, creamy white head.
Flavor: Rich, complex maltiness combined with a pronounced yet soft and rounded bitterness and spicy flavor from Saaz hops. Some diacetyl is acceptable, but need not be present. Bitterness is prominent but never harsh, and does not linger. The aftertaste is balanced between malt and hops. Clean, no fruity esters.
Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied (although diacetyl, if present, may make it seem medium-full), medium carbonation.
Overall Impression: Crisp, complex and well-rounded yet refreshing.
History: First brewed in 1842, this style was the original clear, light-colored beer.
Comments: Uses Moravian malted barley and a decoction mash for rich, malt character. Saaz hops and low sulfate, low carbonate water provide a distinctively soft, rounded hop profile. Traditional yeast sometimes can provide a background diacetyl note. Dextrins provide additional body, and diacetyl enhances the perception of a fuller palate.
Ingredients: Soft water with low mineral content, Saaz hops, Moravian malted barley, Czech lager yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.056
IBUs: 35 – 45
FG: 1.013 – 1.017
SRM: 3.5 – 6
ABV: 4.2 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Pilsner Urquell, Krušovice Imperial 12°, Budweiser Budvar (Czechvar in the US), Czech Rebel, Staropramen, Gambrinus Pilsner, Zlaty Bazant Golden Pheasant, Dock Street Bohemian Pilsner
Appearance: Very pale gold to deep burnished gold, brilliant to very clear, with a dense, long-lasting, creamy white head.
Flavor: Rich, complex maltiness combined with a pronounced yet soft and rounded bitterness and spicy flavor from Saaz hops. Some diacetyl is acceptable, but need not be present. Bitterness is prominent but never harsh, and does not linger. The aftertaste is balanced between malt and hops. Clean, no fruity esters.
Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied (although diacetyl, if present, may make it seem medium-full), medium carbonation.
Overall Impression: Crisp, complex and well-rounded yet refreshing.
History: First brewed in 1842, this style was the original clear, light-colored beer.
Comments: Uses Moravian malted barley and a decoction mash for rich, malt character. Saaz hops and low sulfate, low carbonate water provide a distinctively soft, rounded hop profile. Traditional yeast sometimes can provide a background diacetyl note. Dextrins provide additional body, and diacetyl enhances the perception of a fuller palate.
Ingredients: Soft water with low mineral content, Saaz hops, Moravian malted barley, Czech lager yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.056
IBUs: 35 – 45
FG: 1.013 – 1.017
SRM: 3.5 – 6
ABV: 4.2 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Pilsner Urquell, Krušovice Imperial 12°, Budweiser Budvar (Czechvar in the US), Czech Rebel, Staropramen, Gambrinus Pilsner, Zlaty Bazant Golden Pheasant, Dock Street Bohemian Pilsner
Aroma: Low to medium grainy, corn-like or sweet maltiness may be evident (although rice-based beers are more neutral). Medium to moderately high hop aroma, often classic noble hops. Clean lager character, with no fruitiness or diacetyl. Some DMS is acceptable.
Appearance: Yellow to deep gold color. Substantial, long lasting white head. Bright clarity.
Flavor: Moderate to moderately high maltiness similar in character to the Continental Pilsners but somewhat lighter in intensity due to the use of up to 30% flaked maize (corn) or rice used as an adjunct. Slight grainy, corn-like sweetness from the use of maize with substantial offsetting hop bitterness. Rice-based versions are crisper, drier, and often lack corn-like flavors. Medium to high hop flavor from noble hops (either late addition or first-wort hopped). Medium to high hop bitterness, which should not be coarse nor have a harsh aftertaste. No fruitiness or diacetyl. Should be smooth and well-lagered.
Mouthfeel: Medium body and rich, creamy mouthfeel. Medium to high carbonation levels.
Overall Impression: A substantial Pilsner that can stand up to the classic European Pilsners, but exhibiting the native American grains and hops available to German brewers who initially brewed it in the USA. Refreshing, but with the underlying malt and hops that stand out when compared to other modern American light lagers. Maize lends a distinctive grainy sweetness. Rice contributes a crisper, more neutral character.
History: A version of Pilsner brewed in the USA by immigrant German brewers who brought the process and yeast with them when they settled in America. They worked with the ingredients that were native to America to create a unique version of the original Pilsner. This style died out after Prohibition but was resurrected as a home-brewed style by advocates of the hobby.
Comments: The classic American Pilsner was brewed both pre-Prohibition and post-Prohibition with some differences. OGs of 1.050-1.060 would have been appropriate for pre-Prohibition beers while gravities dropped to 1.044-1.048 after Prohibition. Corresponding IBUs dropped from a pre-Prohibition level of 30-40 to 25-30 after Prohibition.
Ingredients: Six-row barley with 20% to 30% flaked maize to dilute the excessive protein levels. Native American hops such as Clusters, traditional continental noble hops, or modern noble crosses (Ultra, Liberty, Crystal) are also appropriate. Modern American hops such as Cascade are inappropriate. Water with a high mineral content can lead to an inappropriate coarseness in flavor and harshness in aftertaste.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.060
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 3 – 6
ABV: 4.5 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Occasional brewpub and microbrewery specials
Appearance: Yellow to deep gold color. Substantial, long lasting white head. Bright clarity.
Flavor: Moderate to moderately high maltiness similar in character to the Continental Pilsners but somewhat lighter in intensity due to the use of up to 30% flaked maize (corn) or rice used as an adjunct. Slight grainy, corn-like sweetness from the use of maize with substantial offsetting hop bitterness. Rice-based versions are crisper, drier, and often lack corn-like flavors. Medium to high hop flavor from noble hops (either late addition or first-wort hopped). Medium to high hop bitterness, which should not be coarse nor have a harsh aftertaste. No fruitiness or diacetyl. Should be smooth and well-lagered.
Mouthfeel: Medium body and rich, creamy mouthfeel. Medium to high carbonation levels.
Overall Impression: A substantial Pilsner that can stand up to the classic European Pilsners, but exhibiting the native American grains and hops available to German brewers who initially brewed it in the USA. Refreshing, but with the underlying malt and hops that stand out when compared to other modern American light lagers. Maize lends a distinctive grainy sweetness. Rice contributes a crisper, more neutral character.
History: A version of Pilsner brewed in the USA by immigrant German brewers who brought the process and yeast with them when they settled in America. They worked with the ingredients that were native to America to create a unique version of the original Pilsner. This style died out after Prohibition but was resurrected as a home-brewed style by advocates of the hobby.
Comments: The classic American Pilsner was brewed both pre-Prohibition and post-Prohibition with some differences. OGs of 1.050-1.060 would have been appropriate for pre-Prohibition beers while gravities dropped to 1.044-1.048 after Prohibition. Corresponding IBUs dropped from a pre-Prohibition level of 30-40 to 25-30 after Prohibition.
Ingredients: Six-row barley with 20% to 30% flaked maize to dilute the excessive protein levels. Native American hops such as Clusters, traditional continental noble hops, or modern noble crosses (Ultra, Liberty, Crystal) are also appropriate. Modern American hops such as Cascade are inappropriate. Water with a high mineral content can lead to an inappropriate coarseness in flavor and harshness in aftertaste.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.060
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 3 – 6
ABV: 4.5 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Occasional brewpub and microbrewery specials
3A. Vienna Lager
3B. Oktoberfest/Märzen
4. Dark Lager
Aroma: Moderately rich German malt aroma (of Vienna and/or Munich malt). A light toasted malt aroma may be present. Similar, though less intense than Oktoberfest. Clean lager character, with no fruity esters or diacetyl. Noble hop aroma may be low to none. Caramel aroma is inappropriate.
Appearance: Light reddish amber to copper color. Bright clarity. Large, off-white, persistent head.
Flavor: Soft, elegant malt complexity is in the forefront, with a firm enough hop bitterness to provide a balanced finish. Some toasted character from the use of Vienna malt. No roasted or caramel flavor. Fairly dry finish, with both malt and hop bitterness present in the aftertaste. Noble hop flavor may be low to none.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body, with a gentle creaminess. Moderate carbonation. Smooth. Moderately crisp finish. May have a bit of alcohol warming.
Overall Impression: Characterized by soft, elegant maltiness that dries out in the finish to avoid becoming sweet.
History: The original amber lager developed by Anton Dreher shortly after the isolation of lager yeast. Nearly extinct in its area of origin, the style continues in Mexico where it was brought by Santiago Graf and other Austrian immigrant brewers in the late 1800s. Regrettably, most modern examples use adjuncts which lessen the rich malt complexity characteristic of the best examples of this style. The style owes much of its character to the method of malting (Vienna malt). Lighter malt character overall than Oktoberfest, yet still decidedly balanced toward malt.
Comments: American versions can be a bit stronger, drier and more bitter, while European versions tend to be sweeter. Many Mexican amber and dark lagers used to be more authentic, but unfortunately are now more like sweet, adjunct-laden American Dark Lagers.
Ingredients: Vienna malt provides a lightly toasty and complex, melanoidin-rich malt profile. As with Oktoberfests, only the finest quality malt should be used, along with Continental hops (preferably noble varieties). Moderately hard, carbonate-rich water. Can use some caramel malts and/or darker malts to add color and sweetness, but caramel malts shouldn’t add significant aroma and flavor and dark malts shouldn’t provide any roasted character.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.052
IBUs: 18 – 30
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 10 – 16
ABV: 4.5 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Great Lakes Eliot Ness (unusual in its 6.2% strength and 35 IBUs), Boulevard Bobs 47 Munich-Style Lager, Negra Modelo, Old Dominion Aviator Amber Lager, Gordon Biersch Vienna Lager, Capital Wisconsin Amber, Olde Saratoga Lager, Penn Pilsner
Appearance: Light reddish amber to copper color. Bright clarity. Large, off-white, persistent head.
Flavor: Soft, elegant malt complexity is in the forefront, with a firm enough hop bitterness to provide a balanced finish. Some toasted character from the use of Vienna malt. No roasted or caramel flavor. Fairly dry finish, with both malt and hop bitterness present in the aftertaste. Noble hop flavor may be low to none.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body, with a gentle creaminess. Moderate carbonation. Smooth. Moderately crisp finish. May have a bit of alcohol warming.
Overall Impression: Characterized by soft, elegant maltiness that dries out in the finish to avoid becoming sweet.
History: The original amber lager developed by Anton Dreher shortly after the isolation of lager yeast. Nearly extinct in its area of origin, the style continues in Mexico where it was brought by Santiago Graf and other Austrian immigrant brewers in the late 1800s. Regrettably, most modern examples use adjuncts which lessen the rich malt complexity characteristic of the best examples of this style. The style owes much of its character to the method of malting (Vienna malt). Lighter malt character overall than Oktoberfest, yet still decidedly balanced toward malt.
Comments: American versions can be a bit stronger, drier and more bitter, while European versions tend to be sweeter. Many Mexican amber and dark lagers used to be more authentic, but unfortunately are now more like sweet, adjunct-laden American Dark Lagers.
Ingredients: Vienna malt provides a lightly toasty and complex, melanoidin-rich malt profile. As with Oktoberfests, only the finest quality malt should be used, along with Continental hops (preferably noble varieties). Moderately hard, carbonate-rich water. Can use some caramel malts and/or darker malts to add color and sweetness, but caramel malts shouldn’t add significant aroma and flavor and dark malts shouldn’t provide any roasted character.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.052
IBUs: 18 – 30
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 10 – 16
ABV: 4.5 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Great Lakes Eliot Ness (unusual in its 6.2% strength and 35 IBUs), Boulevard Bobs 47 Munich-Style Lager, Negra Modelo, Old Dominion Aviator Amber Lager, Gordon Biersch Vienna Lager, Capital Wisconsin Amber, Olde Saratoga Lager, Penn Pilsner
Aroma: Rich German malt aroma (of Vienna and/or Munich malt). A light to moderate toasted malt aroma is often present. Clean lager aroma with no fruity esters or diacetyl. No hop aroma. Caramel aroma is inappropriate.
Appearance: Dark gold to deep orange-red color. Bright clarity, with solid, off-white, foam stand.
Flavor: Initial malty sweetness, but finish is moderately dry. Distinctive and complex maltiness often includes a toasted aspect. Hop bitterness is moderate, and noble hop flavor is low to none. Balance is toward malt, though the finish is not sweet. Noticeable caramel or roasted flavors are inappropriate. Clean lager character with no diacetyl or fruity esters.
Mouthfeel: Medium body, with a creamy texture and medium carbonation. Smooth. Fully fermented, without a cloying finish.
Overall Impression: Smooth, clean, and rather rich, with a depth of malt character. This is one of the classic malty styles, with a maltiness that is often described as soft, complex, and elegant but never cloying.
History: Origin is credited to Gabriel Sedlmayr, based on an adaptation of the Vienna style developed by Anton Dreher around 1840, shortly after lager yeast was first isolated. Typically brewed in the spring, signaling the end of the traditional brewing season and stored in cold caves or cellars during the warm summer months. Served in autumn amidst traditional celebrations.
Comments: Domestic German versions tend to be golden, like a strong Pils-dominated Helles. Export German versions are typically orange-amber in color, and have a distinctive toasty malt character. German beer tax law limits the OG of the style at 14˚P since it is a vollbier, although American versions can be stronger. “Fest” type beers are special occasion beers that are usually stronger than their everyday counterparts.
Ingredients: Grist varies, although German Vienna malt is often the backbone of the grain bill, with some Munich malt, Pils malt, and possibly some crystal malt. All malt should derive from the finest quality two-row barley. Continental hops, especially noble varieties, are most authentic. Somewhat alkaline water (up to 300 PPM), with significant carbonate content is welcome. A decoction mash can help develop the rich malt profile.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.050 – 1.057
IBUs: 20 – 28
FG: 1.012 – 1.016
SRM: 7 – 14
ABV: 4.8 – 5.7%
Commercial Examples: Paulaner Oktoberfest, Ayinger Oktoberfest-Märzen, Hacker-Pschorr Original Oktoberfest, Hofbräu Oktoberfest, Victory Festbier, Great Lakes Oktoberfest, Spaten Oktoberfest, Capital Oktoberfest, Gordon Biersch Märzen, Goose Island Oktoberfest, Samuel Adams Oktoberfest (a bit unusual in its late hopping)
Appearance: Dark gold to deep orange-red color. Bright clarity, with solid, off-white, foam stand.
Flavor: Initial malty sweetness, but finish is moderately dry. Distinctive and complex maltiness often includes a toasted aspect. Hop bitterness is moderate, and noble hop flavor is low to none. Balance is toward malt, though the finish is not sweet. Noticeable caramel or roasted flavors are inappropriate. Clean lager character with no diacetyl or fruity esters.
Mouthfeel: Medium body, with a creamy texture and medium carbonation. Smooth. Fully fermented, without a cloying finish.
Overall Impression: Smooth, clean, and rather rich, with a depth of malt character. This is one of the classic malty styles, with a maltiness that is often described as soft, complex, and elegant but never cloying.
History: Origin is credited to Gabriel Sedlmayr, based on an adaptation of the Vienna style developed by Anton Dreher around 1840, shortly after lager yeast was first isolated. Typically brewed in the spring, signaling the end of the traditional brewing season and stored in cold caves or cellars during the warm summer months. Served in autumn amidst traditional celebrations.
Comments: Domestic German versions tend to be golden, like a strong Pils-dominated Helles. Export German versions are typically orange-amber in color, and have a distinctive toasty malt character. German beer tax law limits the OG of the style at 14˚P since it is a vollbier, although American versions can be stronger. “Fest” type beers are special occasion beers that are usually stronger than their everyday counterparts.
Ingredients: Grist varies, although German Vienna malt is often the backbone of the grain bill, with some Munich malt, Pils malt, and possibly some crystal malt. All malt should derive from the finest quality two-row barley. Continental hops, especially noble varieties, are most authentic. Somewhat alkaline water (up to 300 PPM), with significant carbonate content is welcome. A decoction mash can help develop the rich malt profile.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.050 – 1.057
IBUs: 20 – 28
FG: 1.012 – 1.016
SRM: 7 – 14
ABV: 4.8 – 5.7%
Commercial Examples: Paulaner Oktoberfest, Ayinger Oktoberfest-Märzen, Hacker-Pschorr Original Oktoberfest, Hofbräu Oktoberfest, Victory Festbier, Great Lakes Oktoberfest, Spaten Oktoberfest, Capital Oktoberfest, Gordon Biersch Märzen, Goose Island Oktoberfest, Samuel Adams Oktoberfest (a bit unusual in its late hopping)
4A. Dark American Lager
4B. Munich Dunkel
4C. Schwarzbier (Black Beer)
5. Bock
Aroma: Little to no malt aroma. Medium-low to no roast and caramel malt aroma. Hop aroma may range from none to light spicy or floral hop presence. Can have low levels of yeast character (green apples, DMS, or fruitiness). No diacetyl.
Appearance: Deep amber to dark brown with bright clarity and ruby highlights. Foam stand may not be long lasting, and is usually light tan in color.
Flavor: Moderately crisp with some low to moderate levels of sweetness. Medium-low to no caramel and/or roasted malt flavors (and may include hints of coffee, molasses or cocoa). Hop flavor ranges from none to low levels. Hop bitterness at low to medium levels. No diacetyl. May have a very light fruitiness. Burnt or moderately strong roasted malt flavors are a defect.
Mouthfeel: Light to somewhat medium body. Smooth, although a highly-carbonated beer.
Overall Impression: A somewhat sweeter version of standard/premium lager with a little more body and flavor.
Comments: A broad range of international lagers that are darker than pale, and not assertively bitter and/or roasted.
Ingredients: Two- or six-row barley, corn or rice as adjuncts. Light use of caramel and darker malts. Commercial versions may use coloring agents.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.056
IBUs: 8 – 20
FG: 1.008 – 1.012
SRM: 14 – 22
ABV: 4.2 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Dixie Blackened Voodoo, Shiner Bock, San Miguel Dark, Baltika #4, Beck's Dark, Saint Pauli Girl Dark, Warsteiner Dunkel, Heineken Dark Lager, Crystal Diplomat Dark Beer
Appearance: Deep amber to dark brown with bright clarity and ruby highlights. Foam stand may not be long lasting, and is usually light tan in color.
Flavor: Moderately crisp with some low to moderate levels of sweetness. Medium-low to no caramel and/or roasted malt flavors (and may include hints of coffee, molasses or cocoa). Hop flavor ranges from none to low levels. Hop bitterness at low to medium levels. No diacetyl. May have a very light fruitiness. Burnt or moderately strong roasted malt flavors are a defect.
Mouthfeel: Light to somewhat medium body. Smooth, although a highly-carbonated beer.
Overall Impression: A somewhat sweeter version of standard/premium lager with a little more body and flavor.
Comments: A broad range of international lagers that are darker than pale, and not assertively bitter and/or roasted.
Ingredients: Two- or six-row barley, corn or rice as adjuncts. Light use of caramel and darker malts. Commercial versions may use coloring agents.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.056
IBUs: 8 – 20
FG: 1.008 – 1.012
SRM: 14 – 22
ABV: 4.2 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Dixie Blackened Voodoo, Shiner Bock, San Miguel Dark, Baltika #4, Beck's Dark, Saint Pauli Girl Dark, Warsteiner Dunkel, Heineken Dark Lager, Crystal Diplomat Dark Beer
Aroma: Rich, Munich malt sweetness, like bread crusts (and sometimes toast.) Hints of chocolate, nuts, caramel, and/or toffee are also acceptable. No fruity esters or diacetyl should be detected, but a slight noble hop aroma is acceptable.
Appearance: Deep copper to dark brown, often with a red or garnet tint. Creamy, light to medium tan head. Usually clear, although murky unfiltered versions exist.
Flavor: Dominated by the rich and complex flavor of Munich malt, usually with melanoidins reminiscent of bread crusts. The taste can be moderately sweet, although it should not be overwhelming or cloying. Mild caramel, chocolate, toast or nuttiness may be present. Burnt or bitter flavors from roasted malts are inappropriate, as are pronounced caramel flavors from crystal malt. Hop bitterness is moderately low but perceptible, with the balance tipped firmly towards maltiness. Noble hop flavor is low to none. Aftertaste remains malty, although the hop bitterness may become more apparent in the medium-dry finish. Clean lager character with no fruity esters or diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body, providing a firm and dextrinous mouthfeel without being heavy or cloying. Moderate carbonation. May have a light astringency and a slight alcohol warming.
Overall Impression: Characterized by depth and complexity of Munich malt and the accompanying melanoidins. Rich Munich flavors, but not as intense as a bock or as roasted as a schwarzbier.
History: The classic brown lager style of Munich which developed as a darker, malt-accented beer in part because of the moderately carbonate water. While originating in Munich, the style has become very popular throughout Bavaria (especially Franconia).
Comments: Unfiltered versions from Germany can taste like liquid bread, with a yeasty, earthy richness not found in exported filtered dunkels.
Ingredients: Grist is traditionally made up of German Munich malt (up to 100% in some cases) with the remainder German Pilsner malt. Small amounts of crystal malt can add dextrins and color but should not introduce excessive residual sweetness. Slight additions of roasted malts (such as Carafa or chocolate) may be used to improve color but should not add strong flavors. Noble German hop varieties and German lager yeast strains should be used. Moderately carbonate water. Often decoction mashed (up to a triple decoction) to enhance the malt flavors and create the depth of color.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.056
IBUs: 18 – 28
FG: 1.010 – 1.016
SRM: 14 – 28
ABV: 4.5 – 5.6%
Commercial Examples: Ayinger Altbairisch Dunkel, Hacker-Pschorr Alt Munich Dark, Paulaner Alt Münchner Dunkel, Weltenburger Kloster Barock-Dunkel, Ettaler Kloster Dunkel, Hofbräu Dunkel, Penn Dark Lager, König Ludwig Dunkel, Capital Munich Dark, Harpoon Munich-type Dark Beer, Gordon Biersch Dunkels, Dinkel Acker Dark. In Bavaria, Ettaler Dunkel, Löwenbräu Dunkel, Hartmann Dunkel, Kneitinger Dunkel, Augustiner Dunkel.
Appearance: Deep copper to dark brown, often with a red or garnet tint. Creamy, light to medium tan head. Usually clear, although murky unfiltered versions exist.
Flavor: Dominated by the rich and complex flavor of Munich malt, usually with melanoidins reminiscent of bread crusts. The taste can be moderately sweet, although it should not be overwhelming or cloying. Mild caramel, chocolate, toast or nuttiness may be present. Burnt or bitter flavors from roasted malts are inappropriate, as are pronounced caramel flavors from crystal malt. Hop bitterness is moderately low but perceptible, with the balance tipped firmly towards maltiness. Noble hop flavor is low to none. Aftertaste remains malty, although the hop bitterness may become more apparent in the medium-dry finish. Clean lager character with no fruity esters or diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body, providing a firm and dextrinous mouthfeel without being heavy or cloying. Moderate carbonation. May have a light astringency and a slight alcohol warming.
Overall Impression: Characterized by depth and complexity of Munich malt and the accompanying melanoidins. Rich Munich flavors, but not as intense as a bock or as roasted as a schwarzbier.
History: The classic brown lager style of Munich which developed as a darker, malt-accented beer in part because of the moderately carbonate water. While originating in Munich, the style has become very popular throughout Bavaria (especially Franconia).
Comments: Unfiltered versions from Germany can taste like liquid bread, with a yeasty, earthy richness not found in exported filtered dunkels.
Ingredients: Grist is traditionally made up of German Munich malt (up to 100% in some cases) with the remainder German Pilsner malt. Small amounts of crystal malt can add dextrins and color but should not introduce excessive residual sweetness. Slight additions of roasted malts (such as Carafa or chocolate) may be used to improve color but should not add strong flavors. Noble German hop varieties and German lager yeast strains should be used. Moderately carbonate water. Often decoction mashed (up to a triple decoction) to enhance the malt flavors and create the depth of color.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.056
IBUs: 18 – 28
FG: 1.010 – 1.016
SRM: 14 – 28
ABV: 4.5 – 5.6%
Commercial Examples: Ayinger Altbairisch Dunkel, Hacker-Pschorr Alt Munich Dark, Paulaner Alt Münchner Dunkel, Weltenburger Kloster Barock-Dunkel, Ettaler Kloster Dunkel, Hofbräu Dunkel, Penn Dark Lager, König Ludwig Dunkel, Capital Munich Dark, Harpoon Munich-type Dark Beer, Gordon Biersch Dunkels, Dinkel Acker Dark. In Bavaria, Ettaler Dunkel, Löwenbräu Dunkel, Hartmann Dunkel, Kneitinger Dunkel, Augustiner Dunkel.
Aroma: Low to moderate malt, with low aromatic sweetness and/or hints of roast malt often apparent. The malt can be clean and neutral or rich and Munich-like, and may have a hint of caramel. The roast can be coffee-like but should never be burnt. A low noble hop aroma is optional. Clean lager yeast character (light sulfur possible) with no fruity esters or diacetyl.
Appearance: Medium to very dark brown in color, often with deep ruby to garnet highlights, yet almost never truly black. Very clear. Large, persistent, tan-colored head.
Flavor: Light to moderate malt flavor, which can have a clean, neutral character to a rich, sweet, Munich-like intensity. Light to moderate roasted malt flavors can give a bitter-chocolate palate that lasts into the finish, but which are never burnt. Medium-low to medium bitterness, which can last into the finish. Light to moderate noble hop flavor. Clean lager character with no fruity esters or diacetyl. Aftertaste tends to dry out slowly and linger, featuring hop bitterness with a complementary but subtle roastiness in the background. Some residual sweetness is acceptable but not required.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Smooth. No harshness or astringency, despite the use of dark, roasted malts.
Overall Impression: A dark German lager that balances roasted yet smooth malt flavors with moderate hop bitterness.
History: A regional specialty from southern Thuringen and northern Franconia in Germany, and probably a variant of the Munich Dunkel style.
Comments: In comparison with a Munich Dunkel, usually darker in color, drier on the palate and with a noticeable (but not high) roasted malt edge to balance the malt base. While sometimes called a “black Pils,” the beer is rarely that dark; don’t expect strongly roasted, porter-like flavors.
Ingredients: German Munich malt and Pilsner malts for the base, supplemented by a small amount of roasted malts (such as Carafa) for the dark color and subtle roast flavors. Noble-type German hop varieties and clean German lager yeasts are preferred.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.052
IBUs: 22 – 32
FG: 1.010 – 1.016
SRM: 17 – 30
ABV: 4.4 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Köstritzer Schwarzbier, Kulmbacher Mönchshof Premium Schwarzbier, Samuel Adams Black Lager, Krušovice Cerne, Original Badebier, Einbecker Schwarzbier, Gordon Biersch Schwarzbier, Weeping Radish Black Radish Dark Lager, Sprecher Black Bavarian
Appearance: Medium to very dark brown in color, often with deep ruby to garnet highlights, yet almost never truly black. Very clear. Large, persistent, tan-colored head.
Flavor: Light to moderate malt flavor, which can have a clean, neutral character to a rich, sweet, Munich-like intensity. Light to moderate roasted malt flavors can give a bitter-chocolate palate that lasts into the finish, but which are never burnt. Medium-low to medium bitterness, which can last into the finish. Light to moderate noble hop flavor. Clean lager character with no fruity esters or diacetyl. Aftertaste tends to dry out slowly and linger, featuring hop bitterness with a complementary but subtle roastiness in the background. Some residual sweetness is acceptable but not required.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Smooth. No harshness or astringency, despite the use of dark, roasted malts.
Overall Impression: A dark German lager that balances roasted yet smooth malt flavors with moderate hop bitterness.
History: A regional specialty from southern Thuringen and northern Franconia in Germany, and probably a variant of the Munich Dunkel style.
Comments: In comparison with a Munich Dunkel, usually darker in color, drier on the palate and with a noticeable (but not high) roasted malt edge to balance the malt base. While sometimes called a “black Pils,” the beer is rarely that dark; don’t expect strongly roasted, porter-like flavors.
Ingredients: German Munich malt and Pilsner malts for the base, supplemented by a small amount of roasted malts (such as Carafa) for the dark color and subtle roast flavors. Noble-type German hop varieties and clean German lager yeasts are preferred.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.052
IBUs: 22 – 32
FG: 1.010 – 1.016
SRM: 17 – 30
ABV: 4.4 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Köstritzer Schwarzbier, Kulmbacher Mönchshof Premium Schwarzbier, Samuel Adams Black Lager, Krušovice Cerne, Original Badebier, Einbecker Schwarzbier, Gordon Biersch Schwarzbier, Weeping Radish Black Radish Dark Lager, Sprecher Black Bavarian
5A. Maibock/Helles Bock
5B. Traditional Bock
5C. Doppelbock
5D. Eisbock
6. Light Hybrid Beer
Aroma: Moderate to strong malt aroma, often with a lightly toasted quality and low melanoidins. Moderately low to no noble hop aroma, often with a spicy quality. Clean. No diacetyl. Fruity esters should be low to none. Some alcohol may be noticeable. May have a light DMS aroma from Pils malt.
Appearance: Deep gold to light amber in color. Lagering should provide good clarity. Large, creamy, persistent, white head.
Flavor: The rich flavor of continental European pale malts dominates (Pils malt flavor with some toasty notes and/or melanoidins). Little to no caramelization. May have a light DMS flavor from Pils malt. Moderate to no noble hop flavor. May have a low spicy or peppery quality from hops and/or alcohol. Moderate hop bitterness (more so in the balance than in other bocks). Clean, with no fruity esters or diacetyl. Well-attenuated, not cloying, with a moderately dry finish that may taste of both malt and hops.
Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Smooth and clean with no harshness or astringency, despite the increased hop bitterness. Some alcohol warming may be present.
Overall Impression: A relatively pale, strong, malty lager beer. Designed to walk a fine line between blandness and too much color. Hop character is generally more apparent than in other bocks.
History: A fairly recent development in comparison to the other members of the bock family. The serving of Maibock is specifically associated with springtime and the month of May.
Comments: Can be thought of as either a pale version of a traditional bock, or a Munich helles brewed to bock strength. While quite malty, this beer typically has less dark and rich malt flavors than a traditional bock. May also be drier, hoppier, and more bitter than a traditional bock. The hops compensate for the lower level of melanoidins. There is some dispute whether Helles (“pale”) Bock and Mai (“May”) Bock are synonymous. Most agree that they are identical (as is the consensus for Märzen and Oktoberfest), but some believe that Maibock is a “fest” type beer hitting the upper limits of hopping and color for the range. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation.
Ingredients: Base of Pils and/or Vienna malt with some Munich malt to add character (although much less than in a traditional bock). No non-malt adjuncts. Noble hops. Soft water preferred so as to avoid harshness. Clean lager yeast. Decoction mash is typical, but boiling is less than in traditional bocks to restrain color development.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.064 – 1.072
IBUs: 23 – 35
FG: 1.011 – 1.018
SRM: 6 – 11
ABV: 6.3 – 7.4%
Commercial Examples: Ayinger Maibock, Mahr’s Bock, Hacker-Pschorr Hubertus Bock, Capital Maibock, Einbecker Mai-Urbock, Hofbräu Maibock, Victory St. Boisterous, Gordon Biersch Blonde Bock, Smuttynose Maibock
Appearance: Deep gold to light amber in color. Lagering should provide good clarity. Large, creamy, persistent, white head.
Flavor: The rich flavor of continental European pale malts dominates (Pils malt flavor with some toasty notes and/or melanoidins). Little to no caramelization. May have a light DMS flavor from Pils malt. Moderate to no noble hop flavor. May have a low spicy or peppery quality from hops and/or alcohol. Moderate hop bitterness (more so in the balance than in other bocks). Clean, with no fruity esters or diacetyl. Well-attenuated, not cloying, with a moderately dry finish that may taste of both malt and hops.
Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Smooth and clean with no harshness or astringency, despite the increased hop bitterness. Some alcohol warming may be present.
Overall Impression: A relatively pale, strong, malty lager beer. Designed to walk a fine line between blandness and too much color. Hop character is generally more apparent than in other bocks.
History: A fairly recent development in comparison to the other members of the bock family. The serving of Maibock is specifically associated with springtime and the month of May.
Comments: Can be thought of as either a pale version of a traditional bock, or a Munich helles brewed to bock strength. While quite malty, this beer typically has less dark and rich malt flavors than a traditional bock. May also be drier, hoppier, and more bitter than a traditional bock. The hops compensate for the lower level of melanoidins. There is some dispute whether Helles (“pale”) Bock and Mai (“May”) Bock are synonymous. Most agree that they are identical (as is the consensus for Märzen and Oktoberfest), but some believe that Maibock is a “fest” type beer hitting the upper limits of hopping and color for the range. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation.
Ingredients: Base of Pils and/or Vienna malt with some Munich malt to add character (although much less than in a traditional bock). No non-malt adjuncts. Noble hops. Soft water preferred so as to avoid harshness. Clean lager yeast. Decoction mash is typical, but boiling is less than in traditional bocks to restrain color development.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.064 – 1.072
IBUs: 23 – 35
FG: 1.011 – 1.018
SRM: 6 – 11
ABV: 6.3 – 7.4%
Commercial Examples: Ayinger Maibock, Mahr’s Bock, Hacker-Pschorr Hubertus Bock, Capital Maibock, Einbecker Mai-Urbock, Hofbräu Maibock, Victory St. Boisterous, Gordon Biersch Blonde Bock, Smuttynose Maibock
Aroma: Strong malt aroma, often with moderate amounts of rich melanoidins and/or toasty overtones. Virtually no hop aroma. Some alcohol may be noticeable. Clean. No diacetyl. Low to no fruity esters.
Appearance: Light copper to brown color, often with attractive garnet highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity despite the dark color. Large, creamy, persistent, off-white head.
Flavor: Complex maltiness is dominated by the rich flavors of Munich and Vienna malts, which contribute melanoidins and toasty flavors. Some caramel notes may be present from decoction mashing and a long boil. Hop bitterness is generally only high enough to support the malt flavors, allowing a bit of sweetness to linger into the finish. Well-attenuated, not cloying. Clean, with no esters or diacetyl. No hop flavor. No roasted or burnt character.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full bodied. Moderate to moderately low carbonation. Some alcohol warmth may be found, but should never be hot. Smooth, without harshness or astringency.
Overall Impression: A dark, strong, malty lager beer.
History: Originated in the Northern German city of Einbeck, which was a brewing center and popular exporter in the days of the Hanseatic League (14th to 17th century). Recreated in Munich starting in the 17th century. The name “bock” is based on a corruption of the name “Einbeck” in the Bavarian dialect, and was thus only used after the beer came to Munich. “Bock” also means “billy-goat” in German, and is often used in logos and advertisements.
Comments: Decoction mashing and long boiling plays an important part of flavor development, as it enhances the caramel and melanoidin flavor aspects of the malt. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation.
Ingredients: Munich and Vienna malts, rarely a tiny bit of dark roasted malts for color adjustment, never any non-malt adjuncts. Continental European hop varieties are used. Clean lager yeast. Water hardness can vary, although moderately carbonate water is typical of Munich.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.064 – 1.072
IBUs: 20 – 27
FG: 1.013 – 1.019
SRM: 14 – 22
ABV: 6.3 – 7.2%
Commercial Examples: Einbecker Ur-Bock Dunkel, Pennsylvania Brewing St. Nick Bock, Aass Bock, Great Lakes Rockefeller Bock, Stegmaier Brewhouse Bock
Appearance: Light copper to brown color, often with attractive garnet highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity despite the dark color. Large, creamy, persistent, off-white head.
Flavor: Complex maltiness is dominated by the rich flavors of Munich and Vienna malts, which contribute melanoidins and toasty flavors. Some caramel notes may be present from decoction mashing and a long boil. Hop bitterness is generally only high enough to support the malt flavors, allowing a bit of sweetness to linger into the finish. Well-attenuated, not cloying. Clean, with no esters or diacetyl. No hop flavor. No roasted or burnt character.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full bodied. Moderate to moderately low carbonation. Some alcohol warmth may be found, but should never be hot. Smooth, without harshness or astringency.
Overall Impression: A dark, strong, malty lager beer.
History: Originated in the Northern German city of Einbeck, which was a brewing center and popular exporter in the days of the Hanseatic League (14th to 17th century). Recreated in Munich starting in the 17th century. The name “bock” is based on a corruption of the name “Einbeck” in the Bavarian dialect, and was thus only used after the beer came to Munich. “Bock” also means “billy-goat” in German, and is often used in logos and advertisements.
Comments: Decoction mashing and long boiling plays an important part of flavor development, as it enhances the caramel and melanoidin flavor aspects of the malt. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation.
Ingredients: Munich and Vienna malts, rarely a tiny bit of dark roasted malts for color adjustment, never any non-malt adjuncts. Continental European hop varieties are used. Clean lager yeast. Water hardness can vary, although moderately carbonate water is typical of Munich.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.064 – 1.072
IBUs: 20 – 27
FG: 1.013 – 1.019
SRM: 14 – 22
ABV: 6.3 – 7.2%
Commercial Examples: Einbecker Ur-Bock Dunkel, Pennsylvania Brewing St. Nick Bock, Aass Bock, Great Lakes Rockefeller Bock, Stegmaier Brewhouse Bock
Aroma: Very strong maltiness. Darker versions will have significant melanoidins and often some toasty aromas. A light caramel flavor from a long boil is acceptable. Lighter versions will have a strong malt presence with some melanoidins and toasty notes. Virtually no hop aroma, although a light noble hop aroma is acceptable in pale versions. No diacetyl. A moderately low fruity aspect to the aroma often described as prune, plum or grape may be present (but is optional) in dark versions due to reactions between malt, the boil, and aging. A very slight chocolate-like aroma may be present in darker versions, but no roasted or burned aromatics should ever be present. Moderate alcohol aroma may be present.
Appearance: Deep gold to dark brown in color. Darker versions often have ruby highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity. Large, creamy, persistent head (color varies with base style: white for pale versions, off-white for dark varieties). Stronger versions might have impaired head retention, and can display noticeable legs.
Flavor: Very rich and malty. Darker versions will have significant melanoidins and often some toasty flavors. Lighter versions will a strong malt flavor with some melanoidins and toasty notes. A very slight chocolate flavor is optional in darker versions, but should never be perceived as roasty or burnt. Clean lager flavor with no diacetyl. Some fruitiness (prune, plum or grape) is optional in darker versions. Invariably there will be an impression of alcoholic strength, but this should be smooth and warming rather than harsh or burning. Presence of higher alcohols (fusels) should be very low to none. Little to no hop flavor (more is acceptable in pale versions). Hop bitterness varies from moderate to moderately low but always allows malt to dominate the flavor. Most versions are fairly sweet, but should have an impression of attenuation. The sweetness comes from low hopping, not from incomplete fermentation. Paler versions generally have a drier finish.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body. Moderate to moderately-low carbonation. Very smooth without harshness or astringency.
Overall Impression: A very strong and rich lager. A bigger version of either a traditional bock or a helles bock.
History: A Bavarian specialty first brewed in Munich by the monks of St. Francis of Paula. Historical versions were less well attenuated than modern interpretations, with consequently higher sweetness and lower alcohol levels (and hence was considered “liquid bread” by the monks). The term “doppel (double) bock” was coined by Munich consumers. Many doppelbocks have names ending in “-ator,” either as a tribute to the prototypical Salvator or to take advantage of the beer’s popularity.
Comments: Most versions are dark colored and may display the caramelizing and melanoidin effect of decoction mashing, but excellent pale versions also exist. The pale versions will not have the same richness and darker malt flavors of the dark versions, and may be a bit drier, hoppier and more bitter. While most traditional examples are in the ranges cited, the style can be considered to have no upper limit for gravity, alcohol and bitterness (thus providing a home for very strong lagers). Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation.
Ingredients: Pils and/or Vienna malt for pale versions (with some Munich), Munich and Vienna malts for darker ones and occasionally a tiny bit of darker color malts (such as Carafa). Noble hops. Water hardness varies from soft to moderately carbonate. Clean lager yeast. Decoction mashing is traditional.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.072 – 1.112
IBUs: 16 – 26
FG: 1.016 – 1.024
SRM: 6 – 25
ABV: 7 – 10%
Commercial Examples: Paulaner Salvator, Ayinger Celebrator, Weihenstephaner Korbinian, Andechser Doppelbock Dunkel, Spaten Optimator, Tucher Bajuvator, Weltenburger Kloster Asam-Bock, Capital Autumnal Fire, EKU 28, Eggenberg Urbock 23º, Bell’s Consecrator, Moretti La Rossa, Samuel Adams Double Bock
Appearance: Deep gold to dark brown in color. Darker versions often have ruby highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity. Large, creamy, persistent head (color varies with base style: white for pale versions, off-white for dark varieties). Stronger versions might have impaired head retention, and can display noticeable legs.
Flavor: Very rich and malty. Darker versions will have significant melanoidins and often some toasty flavors. Lighter versions will a strong malt flavor with some melanoidins and toasty notes. A very slight chocolate flavor is optional in darker versions, but should never be perceived as roasty or burnt. Clean lager flavor with no diacetyl. Some fruitiness (prune, plum or grape) is optional in darker versions. Invariably there will be an impression of alcoholic strength, but this should be smooth and warming rather than harsh or burning. Presence of higher alcohols (fusels) should be very low to none. Little to no hop flavor (more is acceptable in pale versions). Hop bitterness varies from moderate to moderately low but always allows malt to dominate the flavor. Most versions are fairly sweet, but should have an impression of attenuation. The sweetness comes from low hopping, not from incomplete fermentation. Paler versions generally have a drier finish.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body. Moderate to moderately-low carbonation. Very smooth without harshness or astringency.
Overall Impression: A very strong and rich lager. A bigger version of either a traditional bock or a helles bock.
History: A Bavarian specialty first brewed in Munich by the monks of St. Francis of Paula. Historical versions were less well attenuated than modern interpretations, with consequently higher sweetness and lower alcohol levels (and hence was considered “liquid bread” by the monks). The term “doppel (double) bock” was coined by Munich consumers. Many doppelbocks have names ending in “-ator,” either as a tribute to the prototypical Salvator or to take advantage of the beer’s popularity.
Comments: Most versions are dark colored and may display the caramelizing and melanoidin effect of decoction mashing, but excellent pale versions also exist. The pale versions will not have the same richness and darker malt flavors of the dark versions, and may be a bit drier, hoppier and more bitter. While most traditional examples are in the ranges cited, the style can be considered to have no upper limit for gravity, alcohol and bitterness (thus providing a home for very strong lagers). Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation.
Ingredients: Pils and/or Vienna malt for pale versions (with some Munich), Munich and Vienna malts for darker ones and occasionally a tiny bit of darker color malts (such as Carafa). Noble hops. Water hardness varies from soft to moderately carbonate. Clean lager yeast. Decoction mashing is traditional.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.072 – 1.112
IBUs: 16 – 26
FG: 1.016 – 1.024
SRM: 6 – 25
ABV: 7 – 10%
Commercial Examples: Paulaner Salvator, Ayinger Celebrator, Weihenstephaner Korbinian, Andechser Doppelbock Dunkel, Spaten Optimator, Tucher Bajuvator, Weltenburger Kloster Asam-Bock, Capital Autumnal Fire, EKU 28, Eggenberg Urbock 23º, Bell’s Consecrator, Moretti La Rossa, Samuel Adams Double Bock
Aroma: Dominated by a balance of rich, intense malt and a definite alcohol presence. No hop aroma. No diacetyl. May have significant fruity esters, particularly those reminiscent of plum, prune or grape. Alcohol aromas should not be harsh or solventy.
Appearance: Deep copper to dark brown in color, often with attractive ruby highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity. Head retention may be impaired by higher-than-average alcohol content and low carbonation. Off-white to deep ivory colored head. Pronounced legs are often evident.
Flavor: Rich, sweet malt balanced by a significant alcohol presence. The malt can have melanoidins, toasty qualities, some caramel, and occasionally a slight chocolate flavor. No hop flavor. Hop bitterness just offsets the malt sweetness enough to avoid a cloying character. No diacetyl. May have significant fruity esters, particularly those reminiscent of plum, prune or grape. The alcohol should be smooth, not harsh or hot, and should help the hop bitterness balance the strong malt presence. The finish should be of malt and alcohol, and can have a certain dryness from the alcohol. It should not by sticky, syrupy or cloyingly sweet. Clean, lager character.
Mouthfeel: Full to very full bodied. Low carbonation. Significant alcohol warmth without sharp hotness. Very smooth without harsh edges from alcohol, bitterness, fusels, or other concentrated flavors.
Overall Impression: An extremely strong, full and malty dark lager.
History: A traditional Kulmbach specialty brewed by freezing a doppelbock and removing the ice to concentrate the flavor and alcohol content (as well as any defects).
Comments: Eisbocks are not simply stronger doppelbocks; the name refers to the process of freezing and concentrating the beer. Some doppelbocks are stronger than Eisbocks. Extended lagering is often needed post-freezing to smooth the alcohol and enhance the malt and alcohol balance. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation.
Ingredients: Same as doppelbock. Commercial eisbocks are generally concentrated anywhere from 7% to 33% (by volume).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.078 – 1.120
IBUs: 25 – 35
FG: 1.020 – 1.035
SRM: 18 – 30
ABV: 9 – 14%
Commercial Examples: Kulmbacher Reichelbräu Eisbock, Eggenberg Urbock Dunkel Eisbock, Niagara Eisbock, Capital Eisphyre, Southampton Eisbock
Appearance: Deep copper to dark brown in color, often with attractive ruby highlights. Lagering should provide good clarity. Head retention may be impaired by higher-than-average alcohol content and low carbonation. Off-white to deep ivory colored head. Pronounced legs are often evident.
Flavor: Rich, sweet malt balanced by a significant alcohol presence. The malt can have melanoidins, toasty qualities, some caramel, and occasionally a slight chocolate flavor. No hop flavor. Hop bitterness just offsets the malt sweetness enough to avoid a cloying character. No diacetyl. May have significant fruity esters, particularly those reminiscent of plum, prune or grape. The alcohol should be smooth, not harsh or hot, and should help the hop bitterness balance the strong malt presence. The finish should be of malt and alcohol, and can have a certain dryness from the alcohol. It should not by sticky, syrupy or cloyingly sweet. Clean, lager character.
Mouthfeel: Full to very full bodied. Low carbonation. Significant alcohol warmth without sharp hotness. Very smooth without harsh edges from alcohol, bitterness, fusels, or other concentrated flavors.
Overall Impression: An extremely strong, full and malty dark lager.
History: A traditional Kulmbach specialty brewed by freezing a doppelbock and removing the ice to concentrate the flavor and alcohol content (as well as any defects).
Comments: Eisbocks are not simply stronger doppelbocks; the name refers to the process of freezing and concentrating the beer. Some doppelbocks are stronger than Eisbocks. Extended lagering is often needed post-freezing to smooth the alcohol and enhance the malt and alcohol balance. Any fruitiness is due to Munich and other specialty malts, not yeast-derived esters developed during fermentation.
Ingredients: Same as doppelbock. Commercial eisbocks are generally concentrated anywhere from 7% to 33% (by volume).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.078 – 1.120
IBUs: 25 – 35
FG: 1.020 – 1.035
SRM: 18 – 30
ABV: 9 – 14%
Commercial Examples: Kulmbacher Reichelbräu Eisbock, Eggenberg Urbock Dunkel Eisbock, Niagara Eisbock, Capital Eisphyre, Southampton Eisbock
6A. Cream Ale
6B. Blonde Ale
6C. Kölsch
6D. American Wheat or Rye Beer
7. Amber Hybrid Beer
Aroma: Faint malt notes. A sweet, corn-like aroma and low levels of DMS are commonly found. Hop aroma low to none. Any variety of hops may be used, but neither hops nor malt dominate. Faint esters may be present in some examples, but are not required. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Pale straw to moderate gold color, although usually on the pale side. Low to medium head with medium to high carbonation. Head retention may be no better than fair due to adjunct use. Brilliant, sparkling clarity.
Flavor: Low to medium-low hop bitterness. Low to moderate maltiness and sweetness, varying with gravity and attenuation. Usually well attenuated. Neither malt nor hops prevail in the taste. A low to moderate corny flavor from corn adjuncts is commonly found, as is some DMS. Finish can vary from somewhat dry to faintly sweet from the corn, malt, and sugar. Faint fruity esters are optional. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Generally light and crisp, although body can reach medium. Smooth mouthfeel with medium to high attenuation; higher attenuation levels can lend a “thirst quenching” finish. High carbonation. Higher gravity examples may exhibit a slight alcohol warmth.
Overall Impression: A clean, well-attenuated, flavorful American lawnmower beer.
History: An ale version of the American lager style. Produced by ale brewers to compete with lager brewers in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States. Originally known as sparkling or present use ales, lager strains were (and sometimes still are) used by some brewers, but were not historically mixed with ale strains. Many examples are kräusened to achieve carbonation. Cold conditioning isn’t traditional, although modern brewers sometimes use it.
Comments: Classic American (i.e., pre-prohibition) Cream Ales were slightly stronger, hoppier (including some dry hopping) and more bitter (25-30+ IBUs). These versions should be entered in the specialty/experimental category. Most commercial examples are in the 1.050–1.053 OG range, and bitterness rarely rises above 20 IBUs.
Ingredients: American ingredients most commonly used. A grain bill of six-row malt, or a combination of six-row and North American two-row, is common. Adjuncts can include up to 20% flaked maize in the mash, and up to 20% glucose or other sugars in the boil. Soft water preferred. Any variety of hops can be used for bittering and finishing.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.042 – 1.055
IBUs: 15 – 20
FG: 1.006 – 1.012
SRM: 2.5 – 5
ABV: 4.2– 5.6%
Commercial Examples: Genesee Cream Ale, Little Kings Cream Ale (Hudepohl), Anderson Valley Summer Solstice Cerveza Crema, Sleeman Cream Ale, New Glarus Spotted Cow, Wisconsin Brewing Whitetail Cream Ale
Appearance: Pale straw to moderate gold color, although usually on the pale side. Low to medium head with medium to high carbonation. Head retention may be no better than fair due to adjunct use. Brilliant, sparkling clarity.
Flavor: Low to medium-low hop bitterness. Low to moderate maltiness and sweetness, varying with gravity and attenuation. Usually well attenuated. Neither malt nor hops prevail in the taste. A low to moderate corny flavor from corn adjuncts is commonly found, as is some DMS. Finish can vary from somewhat dry to faintly sweet from the corn, malt, and sugar. Faint fruity esters are optional. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Generally light and crisp, although body can reach medium. Smooth mouthfeel with medium to high attenuation; higher attenuation levels can lend a “thirst quenching” finish. High carbonation. Higher gravity examples may exhibit a slight alcohol warmth.
Overall Impression: A clean, well-attenuated, flavorful American lawnmower beer.
History: An ale version of the American lager style. Produced by ale brewers to compete with lager brewers in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States. Originally known as sparkling or present use ales, lager strains were (and sometimes still are) used by some brewers, but were not historically mixed with ale strains. Many examples are kräusened to achieve carbonation. Cold conditioning isn’t traditional, although modern brewers sometimes use it.
Comments: Classic American (i.e., pre-prohibition) Cream Ales were slightly stronger, hoppier (including some dry hopping) and more bitter (25-30+ IBUs). These versions should be entered in the specialty/experimental category. Most commercial examples are in the 1.050–1.053 OG range, and bitterness rarely rises above 20 IBUs.
Ingredients: American ingredients most commonly used. A grain bill of six-row malt, or a combination of six-row and North American two-row, is common. Adjuncts can include up to 20% flaked maize in the mash, and up to 20% glucose or other sugars in the boil. Soft water preferred. Any variety of hops can be used for bittering and finishing.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.042 – 1.055
IBUs: 15 – 20
FG: 1.006 – 1.012
SRM: 2.5 – 5
ABV: 4.2– 5.6%
Commercial Examples: Genesee Cream Ale, Little Kings Cream Ale (Hudepohl), Anderson Valley Summer Solstice Cerveza Crema, Sleeman Cream Ale, New Glarus Spotted Cow, Wisconsin Brewing Whitetail Cream Ale
Aroma: Light to moderate sweet malty aroma. Low to moderate fruitiness is optional, but acceptable. May have a low to medium hop aroma, and can reflect almost any hop variety. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Light yellow to deep gold in color. Clear to brilliant. Low to medium white head with fair to good retention.
Flavor: Initial soft malty sweetness, but optionally some light character malt flavor (e.g., bread, toast, biscuit, wheat) can also be present. Caramel flavors typically absent. Low to medium esters optional, but are commonly found in many examples. Light to moderate hop flavor (any variety), but shouldn’t be overly aggressive. Low to medium bitterness, but the balance is normally towards the malt. Finishes medium-dry to somewhat sweet. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Medium to high carbonation. Smooth without harsh bitterness or astringency.
Overall Impression: Easy-drinking, approachable, malt-oriented American craft beer.
History: Currently produced by many (American) microbreweries and brewpubs. Regional variations exist (many West Coast brewpub examples are more assertive, like pale ales) but in most areas this beer is designed as the entry-level craft beer.
Comments: In addition to the more common American Blonde Ale, this category can also include modern English Summer Ales, American Kölsch-style beers, and less assertive American and English pale ales.
Ingredients: Generally all malt, but can include up to 25% wheat malt and some sugar adjuncts. Any hop variety can be used. Clean American, lightly fruity English, or Kölsch yeast. May also be made with lager yeast, or cold-conditioned. Some versions may have honey, spices and/or fruit added, although if any of these ingredients are stronger than a background flavor they should be entered in specialty, spiced or fruit beer categories instead. Extract versions should only use the lightest malt extracts and avoid kettle caramelization.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.038 – 1.054
IBUs: 15 – 28
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 3 – 6
ABV: 3.8 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Pelican Kiwanda Cream Ale, Russian River Aud Blonde, Rogue Oregon Golden Ale, Widmer Blonde Ale, Fuller’s Summer Ale, Hollywood Blonde, Redhook Blonde
Appearance: Light yellow to deep gold in color. Clear to brilliant. Low to medium white head with fair to good retention.
Flavor: Initial soft malty sweetness, but optionally some light character malt flavor (e.g., bread, toast, biscuit, wheat) can also be present. Caramel flavors typically absent. Low to medium esters optional, but are commonly found in many examples. Light to moderate hop flavor (any variety), but shouldn’t be overly aggressive. Low to medium bitterness, but the balance is normally towards the malt. Finishes medium-dry to somewhat sweet. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Medium to high carbonation. Smooth without harsh bitterness or astringency.
Overall Impression: Easy-drinking, approachable, malt-oriented American craft beer.
History: Currently produced by many (American) microbreweries and brewpubs. Regional variations exist (many West Coast brewpub examples are more assertive, like pale ales) but in most areas this beer is designed as the entry-level craft beer.
Comments: In addition to the more common American Blonde Ale, this category can also include modern English Summer Ales, American Kölsch-style beers, and less assertive American and English pale ales.
Ingredients: Generally all malt, but can include up to 25% wheat malt and some sugar adjuncts. Any hop variety can be used. Clean American, lightly fruity English, or Kölsch yeast. May also be made with lager yeast, or cold-conditioned. Some versions may have honey, spices and/or fruit added, although if any of these ingredients are stronger than a background flavor they should be entered in specialty, spiced or fruit beer categories instead. Extract versions should only use the lightest malt extracts and avoid kettle caramelization.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.038 – 1.054
IBUs: 15 – 28
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 3 – 6
ABV: 3.8 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Pelican Kiwanda Cream Ale, Russian River Aud Blonde, Rogue Oregon Golden Ale, Widmer Blonde Ale, Fuller’s Summer Ale, Hollywood Blonde, Redhook Blonde
Aroma: Very low to no Pils malt aroma. A pleasant, subtle fruit aroma from fermentation (apple, cherry or pear) is acceptable, but not always present. A low noble hop aroma is optional but not out of place (it is present only in a small minority of authentic versions). Some yeasts may give a slight winy or sulfury character (this characteristic is also optional, but not a fault).
Appearance: Very pale gold to light gold. Authentic versions are filtered to a brilliant clarity. Has a delicate white head that may not persist.
Flavor: Soft, rounded palate comprising of a delicate flavor balance between soft yet attenuated malt, an almost imperceptible fruity sweetness from fermentation, and a medium-low to medium bitterness with a delicate dryness and slight pucker in the finish (but no harsh aftertaste). The noble hop flavor is variable, and can range from low to moderately high; most are medium-low to medium. One or two examples (Dom being the most prominent) are noticeably malty-sweet up front. Some versions can have a slightly minerally or sulfury water or yeast character that accentuates the dryness and flavor balance. Some versions may have a slight wheat taste, although this is quite rare. Otherwise very clean with no diacetyl or fusels.
Mouthfeel: Smooth and crisp. Medium-light body, although a few versions may be medium. Medium to medium-high carbonation. Generally well-attenuated.
Overall Impression: A clean, crisp, delicately balanced beer usually with very subtle fruit flavors and aromas. Subdued maltiness throughout leads to a pleasantly refreshing tang in the finish. To the untrained taster easily mistaken for a light lager, a somewhat subtle Pilsner, or perhaps a blonde ale.
History: Kölsch is an appellation protected by the Kölsch Konvention, and is restricted to the 20 or so breweries in and around Cologne (Köln). The Konvention simply defines the beer as a “light, highly attenuated, hop-accentuated, clear top-fermenting Vollbier.”
Comments: Served in a tall, narrow 200ml glass called a “Stange.” Each Köln brewery produces a beer of different character, and each interprets the Konvention slightly differently. Allow for a range of variation within the style when judging. Note that drier versions may seem hoppier or more bitter than the IBU specifications might suggest. Due to its delicate flavor profile, Kölsch tends to have a relatively short shelf-life; older examples can show some oxidation defects. Some Köln breweries (e.g., Dom, Hellers) are now producing young, unfiltered versions known as Wiess (which should not be entered in this category).
Ingredients: German noble hops (Hallertau, Tettnang, Spalt or Hersbrucker). German Pils or pale malt. Attenuative, clean ale yeast. Up to 20% wheat may be used, but this is quite rare in authentic versions. Water can vary from extremely soft to moderately hard. Traditionally uses a step mash program, although good results can be obtained using a single rest at 149˚F. Fermented at cool ale temperatures (59-65˚F) and lagered for at least a month, although many Cologne brewers ferment at 70˚F and lager for no more than two weeks.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.050
IBUs: 20 – 30
FG: 1.007 – 1.011
SRM: 3.5 – 5
ABV: 4.4 – 5.2%
Commercial Examples: Available in Cologne only: PJ Früh, Hellers, Malzmühle, Paeffgen, Sion, Peters, Dom; import versions available in parts of North America: Reissdorf, Gaffel; Non-German versions: Eisenbahn Dourada, Goose Island Summertime, Alaska Summer Ale, Harpoon Summer Beer, New Holland Lucid, Saint Arnold Fancy Lawnmower, Capitol City Capitol Kölsch, Shiner Kölsch
Appearance: Very pale gold to light gold. Authentic versions are filtered to a brilliant clarity. Has a delicate white head that may not persist.
Flavor: Soft, rounded palate comprising of a delicate flavor balance between soft yet attenuated malt, an almost imperceptible fruity sweetness from fermentation, and a medium-low to medium bitterness with a delicate dryness and slight pucker in the finish (but no harsh aftertaste). The noble hop flavor is variable, and can range from low to moderately high; most are medium-low to medium. One or two examples (Dom being the most prominent) are noticeably malty-sweet up front. Some versions can have a slightly minerally or sulfury water or yeast character that accentuates the dryness and flavor balance. Some versions may have a slight wheat taste, although this is quite rare. Otherwise very clean with no diacetyl or fusels.
Mouthfeel: Smooth and crisp. Medium-light body, although a few versions may be medium. Medium to medium-high carbonation. Generally well-attenuated.
Overall Impression: A clean, crisp, delicately balanced beer usually with very subtle fruit flavors and aromas. Subdued maltiness throughout leads to a pleasantly refreshing tang in the finish. To the untrained taster easily mistaken for a light lager, a somewhat subtle Pilsner, or perhaps a blonde ale.
History: Kölsch is an appellation protected by the Kölsch Konvention, and is restricted to the 20 or so breweries in and around Cologne (Köln). The Konvention simply defines the beer as a “light, highly attenuated, hop-accentuated, clear top-fermenting Vollbier.”
Comments: Served in a tall, narrow 200ml glass called a “Stange.” Each Köln brewery produces a beer of different character, and each interprets the Konvention slightly differently. Allow for a range of variation within the style when judging. Note that drier versions may seem hoppier or more bitter than the IBU specifications might suggest. Due to its delicate flavor profile, Kölsch tends to have a relatively short shelf-life; older examples can show some oxidation defects. Some Köln breweries (e.g., Dom, Hellers) are now producing young, unfiltered versions known as Wiess (which should not be entered in this category).
Ingredients: German noble hops (Hallertau, Tettnang, Spalt or Hersbrucker). German Pils or pale malt. Attenuative, clean ale yeast. Up to 20% wheat may be used, but this is quite rare in authentic versions. Water can vary from extremely soft to moderately hard. Traditionally uses a step mash program, although good results can be obtained using a single rest at 149˚F. Fermented at cool ale temperatures (59-65˚F) and lagered for at least a month, although many Cologne brewers ferment at 70˚F and lager for no more than two weeks.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.050
IBUs: 20 – 30
FG: 1.007 – 1.011
SRM: 3.5 – 5
ABV: 4.4 – 5.2%
Commercial Examples: Available in Cologne only: PJ Früh, Hellers, Malzmühle, Paeffgen, Sion, Peters, Dom; import versions available in parts of North America: Reissdorf, Gaffel; Non-German versions: Eisenbahn Dourada, Goose Island Summertime, Alaska Summer Ale, Harpoon Summer Beer, New Holland Lucid, Saint Arnold Fancy Lawnmower, Capitol City Capitol Kölsch, Shiner Kölsch
Aroma: Low to moderate grainy wheat or rye character. Some malty sweetness is acceptable. Esters can be moderate to none, although should reflect American yeast strains. The clove and banana aromas common to German hefeweizens are inappropriate. Hop aroma may be low to moderate, and can have either a citrusy American or a spicy or floral noble hop character. Slight crisp sharpness is optional. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Usually pale yellow to gold. Clarity may range from brilliant to hazy with yeast approximating the German hefeweizen style of beer. Big, long-lasting white head.
Flavor: Light to moderately strong grainy wheat or rye flavor, which can linger into the finish. Rye versions are richer and spicier than wheat. May have a moderate malty sweetness or finish quite dry. Low to moderate hop bitterness, which sometimes lasts into the finish. Low to moderate hop flavor (citrusy American or spicy/floral noble). Esters can be moderate to none, but should not take on a German Weizen character (banana). No clove phenols, although a light spiciness from wheat or rye is acceptable. May have a slightly crisp or sharp finish. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Medium-high to high carbonation. May have a light alcohol warmth in stronger examples.
Overall Impression: Refreshing wheat or rye beers that can display more hop character and less yeast character than their German cousins.
Comments: Different variations exist, from an easy-drinking fairly sweet beer to a dry, aggressively hopped beer with a strong wheat or rye flavor. Dark versions approximating dunkelweizens (with darker, richer malt flavors in addition to the color) should be entered in the Specialty Beer category. THE BREWER SHOULD SPECIFY IF RYE IS USED; IF NO DOMINANT GRAIN IS SPECIFIED, WHEAT WILL BE ASSUMED.
Ingredients: Clean American ale yeast, but also can be made as a lager. Large proportion of wheat malt (often 50% or more, but this isn’t a legal requirement as in Germany). American or noble hops. American Rye Beers can follow the same general guidelines, substituting rye for some or all of the wheat. Other base styles (e.g., IPA, stout) with a noticeable rye character should be entered in the Specialty Beer category (23).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.055
IBUs: 15 – 30
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 3 – 6
ABV: 4 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Bell’s Oberon, Harpoon UFO Hefeweizen, Three Floyds Gumballhead, Pyramid Hefe-Weizen, Widmer Hefeweizen, Sierra Nevada Unfiltered Wheat Beer, Anchor Summer Beer, Redhook Sunrye, Real Ale Full Moon Pale Rye
Appearance: Usually pale yellow to gold. Clarity may range from brilliant to hazy with yeast approximating the German hefeweizen style of beer. Big, long-lasting white head.
Flavor: Light to moderately strong grainy wheat or rye flavor, which can linger into the finish. Rye versions are richer and spicier than wheat. May have a moderate malty sweetness or finish quite dry. Low to moderate hop bitterness, which sometimes lasts into the finish. Low to moderate hop flavor (citrusy American or spicy/floral noble). Esters can be moderate to none, but should not take on a German Weizen character (banana). No clove phenols, although a light spiciness from wheat or rye is acceptable. May have a slightly crisp or sharp finish. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Medium-high to high carbonation. May have a light alcohol warmth in stronger examples.
Overall Impression: Refreshing wheat or rye beers that can display more hop character and less yeast character than their German cousins.
Comments: Different variations exist, from an easy-drinking fairly sweet beer to a dry, aggressively hopped beer with a strong wheat or rye flavor. Dark versions approximating dunkelweizens (with darker, richer malt flavors in addition to the color) should be entered in the Specialty Beer category. THE BREWER SHOULD SPECIFY IF RYE IS USED; IF NO DOMINANT GRAIN IS SPECIFIED, WHEAT WILL BE ASSUMED.
Ingredients: Clean American ale yeast, but also can be made as a lager. Large proportion of wheat malt (often 50% or more, but this isn’t a legal requirement as in Germany). American or noble hops. American Rye Beers can follow the same general guidelines, substituting rye for some or all of the wheat. Other base styles (e.g., IPA, stout) with a noticeable rye character should be entered in the Specialty Beer category (23).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.055
IBUs: 15 – 30
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 3 – 6
ABV: 4 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Bell’s Oberon, Harpoon UFO Hefeweizen, Three Floyds Gumballhead, Pyramid Hefe-Weizen, Widmer Hefeweizen, Sierra Nevada Unfiltered Wheat Beer, Anchor Summer Beer, Redhook Sunrye, Real Ale Full Moon Pale Rye
7A. Northern German Altbier
7B. California Common Beer
7C. Düsseldorf Altbier
8. English Pale Ale
Aroma: Subtle malty, sometimes grainy aroma. Low to no noble hop aroma. Clean, lager character with very restrained ester profile. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Light copper to light brown color; very clear from extended cold conditioning. Low to moderate off-white to white head with good retention.
Flavor: Fairly bitter yet balanced by a smooth and sometimes sweet malt character that may have a rich, biscuity and/or lightly caramelly flavor. Dry finish often with lingering bitterness. Clean, lager character sometimes with slight sulfury notes and very low to no esters. Very low to medium noble hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Smooth mouthfeel.
Overall Impression: A very clean and relatively bitter beer, balanced by some malt character. Generally darker, sometimes more caramelly, and usually sweeter and less bitter than Düsseldorf Altbier.
Comments: Most Altbiers produced outside of Düsseldorf are of the Northern German style. Most are simply moderately bitter brown lagers. Ironically “alt” refers to the old style of brewing (i.e., making ales), which makes the term “Altbier” somewhat inaccurate and inappropriate. Those that are made as ales are fermented at cool ale temperatures and lagered at cold temperatures (as with Düsseldorf Alt).
Ingredients: Typically made with a Pils base and colored with roasted malt or dark crystal. May include small amounts of Munich or Vienna malt. Noble hops. Usually made with an attenuative lager yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.054
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 13 – 19
ABV: 4.5 – 5.2%
Commercial Examples: DAB Traditional, Hannen Alt, Schwelmer Alt, Grolsch Amber, Alaskan Amber, Long Trail Ale, Otter Creek Copper Ale, Schmaltz’ Alt
Appearance: Light copper to light brown color; very clear from extended cold conditioning. Low to moderate off-white to white head with good retention.
Flavor: Fairly bitter yet balanced by a smooth and sometimes sweet malt character that may have a rich, biscuity and/or lightly caramelly flavor. Dry finish often with lingering bitterness. Clean, lager character sometimes with slight sulfury notes and very low to no esters. Very low to medium noble hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Smooth mouthfeel.
Overall Impression: A very clean and relatively bitter beer, balanced by some malt character. Generally darker, sometimes more caramelly, and usually sweeter and less bitter than Düsseldorf Altbier.
Comments: Most Altbiers produced outside of Düsseldorf are of the Northern German style. Most are simply moderately bitter brown lagers. Ironically “alt” refers to the old style of brewing (i.e., making ales), which makes the term “Altbier” somewhat inaccurate and inappropriate. Those that are made as ales are fermented at cool ale temperatures and lagered at cold temperatures (as with Düsseldorf Alt).
Ingredients: Typically made with a Pils base and colored with roasted malt or dark crystal. May include small amounts of Munich or Vienna malt. Noble hops. Usually made with an attenuative lager yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.054
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 13 – 19
ABV: 4.5 – 5.2%
Commercial Examples: DAB Traditional, Hannen Alt, Schwelmer Alt, Grolsch Amber, Alaskan Amber, Long Trail Ale, Otter Creek Copper Ale, Schmaltz’ Alt
Aroma: Typically showcases the signature Northern Brewer hops (with woody, rustic or minty qualities) in moderate to high strength. Light fruitiness acceptable. Low to moderate caramel and/or toasty malt aromatics support the hops. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Medium amber to light copper color. Generally clear. Moderate off-white head with good retention.
Flavor: Moderately malty with a pronounced hop bitterness. The malt character is usually toasty (not roasted) and caramelly. Low to moderately high hop flavor, usually showing Northern Brewer qualities (woody, rustic, minty). Finish fairly dry and crisp, with a lingering hop bitterness and a firm, grainy malt flavor. Light fruity esters are acceptable, but otherwise clean. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied. Medium to medium-high carbonation.
Overall Impression: A lightly fruity beer with firm, grainy maltiness, interesting toasty and caramel flavors, and showcasing the signature Northern Brewer varietal hop character.
History: American West Coast original. Large shallow open fermenters (coolships) were traditionally used to compensate for the absence of refrigeration and to take advantage of the cool ambient temperatures in the San Francisco Bay area. Fermented with a lager yeast, but one that was selected to thrive at the cool end of normal ale fermentation temperatures.
Comments: This style is narrowly defined around the prototypical Anchor Steam example. Superficially similar to an American pale or amber ale, yet differs in that the hop flavor/aroma is woody/minty rather than citrusy, malt flavors are toasty and caramelly, the hopping is always assertive, and a warm-fermented lager yeast is used.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt, American hops (usually Northern Brewer, rather than citrusy varieties), small amounts of toasted malt and/or crystal malts. Lager yeast, however some strains (often with the mention of “California” in the name) work better than others at the warmer fermentation temperatures (55 to 60˚F) used. Note that some German yeast strains produce inappropriate sulfury character. Water should have relatively low sulfate and low to moderate carbonate levels.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.054
IBUs: 30 – 45
FG: 1.011 – 1.014
SRM: 10 – 14
ABV: 4.5 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Anchor Steam, Southampton Steem Beer, Flying Dog Old Scratch Amber Lager
Appearance: Medium amber to light copper color. Generally clear. Moderate off-white head with good retention.
Flavor: Moderately malty with a pronounced hop bitterness. The malt character is usually toasty (not roasted) and caramelly. Low to moderately high hop flavor, usually showing Northern Brewer qualities (woody, rustic, minty). Finish fairly dry and crisp, with a lingering hop bitterness and a firm, grainy malt flavor. Light fruity esters are acceptable, but otherwise clean. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied. Medium to medium-high carbonation.
Overall Impression: A lightly fruity beer with firm, grainy maltiness, interesting toasty and caramel flavors, and showcasing the signature Northern Brewer varietal hop character.
History: American West Coast original. Large shallow open fermenters (coolships) were traditionally used to compensate for the absence of refrigeration and to take advantage of the cool ambient temperatures in the San Francisco Bay area. Fermented with a lager yeast, but one that was selected to thrive at the cool end of normal ale fermentation temperatures.
Comments: This style is narrowly defined around the prototypical Anchor Steam example. Superficially similar to an American pale or amber ale, yet differs in that the hop flavor/aroma is woody/minty rather than citrusy, malt flavors are toasty and caramelly, the hopping is always assertive, and a warm-fermented lager yeast is used.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt, American hops (usually Northern Brewer, rather than citrusy varieties), small amounts of toasted malt and/or crystal malts. Lager yeast, however some strains (often with the mention of “California” in the name) work better than others at the warmer fermentation temperatures (55 to 60˚F) used. Note that some German yeast strains produce inappropriate sulfury character. Water should have relatively low sulfate and low to moderate carbonate levels.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.054
IBUs: 30 – 45
FG: 1.011 – 1.014
SRM: 10 – 14
ABV: 4.5 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Anchor Steam, Southampton Steem Beer, Flying Dog Old Scratch Amber Lager
Aroma: Clean yet robust and complex aroma of rich malt, noble hops and restrained fruity esters. The malt character reflects German base malt varieties. The hop aroma may vary from moderate to very low, and can have a peppery, floral or perfumy character associated with noble hops. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Light amber to orange-bronze to deep copper color, yet stopping short of brown. Brilliant clarity (may be filtered). Thick, creamy, long-lasting off-white head.
Flavor: Assertive hop bitterness well balanced by a sturdy yet clean and crisp malt character. The malt presence is moderated by moderately-high to high attenuation, but considerable rich and complex malt flavors remain. Some fruity esters may survive the lagering period. A long-lasting, medium-dry to dry, bittersweet or nutty finish reflects both the hop bitterness and malt complexity. Noble hop flavor can be moderate to low. No roasted malt flavors or harshness. No diacetyl. Some yeast strains may impart a slight sulfury character. A light minerally character is also sometimes present in the finish, but is not required. The apparent bitterness level is sometimes masked by the high malt character; the bitterness can seem as low as moderate if the finish is not very dry.
Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied. Smooth. Medium to medium-high carbonation. Astringency low to none. Despite being very full of flavor, is light bodied enough to be consumed as a session beer in its home brewpubs in Düsseldorf.
Overall Impression: A well balanced, bitter yet malty, clean, smooth, well-attenuated amber-colored German ale.
History: The traditional style of beer from Düsseldorf. “Alt” refers to the “old” style of brewing (i.e., making top-fermented ales) that was common before lager brewing became popular. Predates the isolation of bottom-fermenting yeast strains, though it approximates many characteristics of lager beers. The best examples can be found in brewpubs in the Altstadt (“old town”) section of Düsseldorf.
Comments: A bitter beer balanced by a pronounced malt richness. Fermented at cool ale temperature (60-65˚F), and lagered at cold temperatures to produce a cleaner, smoother palate than is typical for most ales. Common variants include Sticke (“secret”) alt, which is slightly stronger, darker, richer and more complex than typical alts. Bitterness rises up to 60 IBUs and is usually dry hopped and lagered for a longer time. Münster alt is typically lower in gravity and alcohol, sour, lighter in color (golden), and can contain a significant portion of wheat. Both Sticke alt and Münster alt should be entered in the specialty category.
Ingredients: Grists vary, but usually consist of German base malts (usually Pils, sometimes Munich) with small amounts of crystal, chocolate, and/or black malts used to adjust color. Occasionally will include some wheat. Spalt hops are traditional, but other noble hops can also be used. Moderately carbonate water. Clean, highly attenuative ale yeast. A step mash or decoction mash program is traditional.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.054
IBUs: 35 – 50
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 11 – 17
ABV: 4.5 – 5.2%
Commercial Examples: Altstadt brewpubs: Zum Uerige, Im Füchschen, Schumacher, Zum Schlüssel; other examples: Diebels Alt, Schlösser Alt, Frankenheim Alt
Appearance: Light amber to orange-bronze to deep copper color, yet stopping short of brown. Brilliant clarity (may be filtered). Thick, creamy, long-lasting off-white head.
Flavor: Assertive hop bitterness well balanced by a sturdy yet clean and crisp malt character. The malt presence is moderated by moderately-high to high attenuation, but considerable rich and complex malt flavors remain. Some fruity esters may survive the lagering period. A long-lasting, medium-dry to dry, bittersweet or nutty finish reflects both the hop bitterness and malt complexity. Noble hop flavor can be moderate to low. No roasted malt flavors or harshness. No diacetyl. Some yeast strains may impart a slight sulfury character. A light minerally character is also sometimes present in the finish, but is not required. The apparent bitterness level is sometimes masked by the high malt character; the bitterness can seem as low as moderate if the finish is not very dry.
Mouthfeel: Medium-bodied. Smooth. Medium to medium-high carbonation. Astringency low to none. Despite being very full of flavor, is light bodied enough to be consumed as a session beer in its home brewpubs in Düsseldorf.
Overall Impression: A well balanced, bitter yet malty, clean, smooth, well-attenuated amber-colored German ale.
History: The traditional style of beer from Düsseldorf. “Alt” refers to the “old” style of brewing (i.e., making top-fermented ales) that was common before lager brewing became popular. Predates the isolation of bottom-fermenting yeast strains, though it approximates many characteristics of lager beers. The best examples can be found in brewpubs in the Altstadt (“old town”) section of Düsseldorf.
Comments: A bitter beer balanced by a pronounced malt richness. Fermented at cool ale temperature (60-65˚F), and lagered at cold temperatures to produce a cleaner, smoother palate than is typical for most ales. Common variants include Sticke (“secret”) alt, which is slightly stronger, darker, richer and more complex than typical alts. Bitterness rises up to 60 IBUs and is usually dry hopped and lagered for a longer time. Münster alt is typically lower in gravity and alcohol, sour, lighter in color (golden), and can contain a significant portion of wheat. Both Sticke alt and Münster alt should be entered in the specialty category.
Ingredients: Grists vary, but usually consist of German base malts (usually Pils, sometimes Munich) with small amounts of crystal, chocolate, and/or black malts used to adjust color. Occasionally will include some wheat. Spalt hops are traditional, but other noble hops can also be used. Moderately carbonate water. Clean, highly attenuative ale yeast. A step mash or decoction mash program is traditional.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.054
IBUs: 35 – 50
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 11 – 17
ABV: 4.5 – 5.2%
Commercial Examples: Altstadt brewpubs: Zum Uerige, Im Füchschen, Schumacher, Zum Schlüssel; other examples: Diebels Alt, Schlösser Alt, Frankenheim Alt
8A. Standard/Ordinary Bitter
8B. Special/Best/Premium Bitter
8C. Extra Special/Strong Bitter (English Pale Ale)
9. Scottish and Irish Ale
Aroma: The best examples have some malt aroma, often (but not always) with a caramel quality. Mild to moderate fruitiness is common. Hop aroma can range from moderate to none (UK varieties typically, although US varieties may be used). Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed.
Appearance: Light yellow to light copper. Good to brilliant clarity. Low to moderate white to off-white head. May have very little head due to low carbonation.
Flavor: Medium to high bitterness. Most have moderately low to moderately high fruity esters. Moderate to low hop flavor (earthy, resiny, and/or floral UK varieties typically, although US varieties may be used). Low to medium maltiness with a dry finish. Caramel flavors are common but not required. Balance is often decidedly bitter, although the bitterness should not completely overpower the malt flavor, esters and hop flavor. Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium-light body. Carbonation low, although bottled and canned examples can have moderate carbonation.
Overall Impression: Low gravity, low alcohol levels and low carbonation make this an easy-drinking beer. Some examples can be more malt balanced, but this should not override the overall bitter impression. Drinkability is a critical component of the style; emphasis is still on the bittering
hop addition as opposed to the aggressive middle and late hopping seen in American ales.
History: Originally a draught ale served very fresh under no pressure (gravity or hand pump only) at cellar temperatures (i.e., “real ale”). Bitter was created as a draught alternative (i.e., running beer) to country-brewed pale ale around the start of the 20th century and became widespread once brewers understood how to “Burtonize” their water to successfully brew pale beers and to use crystal malts to add a fullness and roundness of palate.
Comments: The lightest of the bitters. Also known as just “bitter.” Some modern variants are brewed exclusively with pale malt and are known as golden or summer bitters. Most bottled or kegged versions of UK-produced bitters are higher-alcohol versions of their cask (draught) products produced specifically for export. The IBU levels are often not adjusted, so the versions available in the US often do not directly correspond to their style subcategories in Britain. This style guideline reflects the “real ale” version of the style, not the export formulations of commercial products.
Ingredients: Pale ale, amber, and/or crystal malts, may use a touch of black malt for color adjustment. May use sugar adjuncts, corn or wheat. English hops most typical, although American and European varieties are becoming more common (particularly in the paler examples). Characterful
English yeast. Often medium sulfate water is used.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.032 – 1.040
IBUs: 25 – 35
FG: 1.007 – 1.011
SRM: 4 – 14 A
BV: 3.2 – 3.8%
Commercial Examples: Fuller's Chiswick Bitter, Adnams Bitter, Young's Bitter, Greene King IPA, Oakham Jeffrey Hudson Bitter (JHB), Brains Bitter, Tetley’s Original Bitter, Brakspear Bitter, Boddington's Pub Draught
Appearance: Light yellow to light copper. Good to brilliant clarity. Low to moderate white to off-white head. May have very little head due to low carbonation.
Flavor: Medium to high bitterness. Most have moderately low to moderately high fruity esters. Moderate to low hop flavor (earthy, resiny, and/or floral UK varieties typically, although US varieties may be used). Low to medium maltiness with a dry finish. Caramel flavors are common but not required. Balance is often decidedly bitter, although the bitterness should not completely overpower the malt flavor, esters and hop flavor. Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium-light body. Carbonation low, although bottled and canned examples can have moderate carbonation.
Overall Impression: Low gravity, low alcohol levels and low carbonation make this an easy-drinking beer. Some examples can be more malt balanced, but this should not override the overall bitter impression. Drinkability is a critical component of the style; emphasis is still on the bittering
hop addition as opposed to the aggressive middle and late hopping seen in American ales.
History: Originally a draught ale served very fresh under no pressure (gravity or hand pump only) at cellar temperatures (i.e., “real ale”). Bitter was created as a draught alternative (i.e., running beer) to country-brewed pale ale around the start of the 20th century and became widespread once brewers understood how to “Burtonize” their water to successfully brew pale beers and to use crystal malts to add a fullness and roundness of palate.
Comments: The lightest of the bitters. Also known as just “bitter.” Some modern variants are brewed exclusively with pale malt and are known as golden or summer bitters. Most bottled or kegged versions of UK-produced bitters are higher-alcohol versions of their cask (draught) products produced specifically for export. The IBU levels are often not adjusted, so the versions available in the US often do not directly correspond to their style subcategories in Britain. This style guideline reflects the “real ale” version of the style, not the export formulations of commercial products.
Ingredients: Pale ale, amber, and/or crystal malts, may use a touch of black malt for color adjustment. May use sugar adjuncts, corn or wheat. English hops most typical, although American and European varieties are becoming more common (particularly in the paler examples). Characterful
English yeast. Often medium sulfate water is used.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.032 – 1.040
IBUs: 25 – 35
FG: 1.007 – 1.011
SRM: 4 – 14 A
BV: 3.2 – 3.8%
Commercial Examples: Fuller's Chiswick Bitter, Adnams Bitter, Young's Bitter, Greene King IPA, Oakham Jeffrey Hudson Bitter (JHB), Brains Bitter, Tetley’s Original Bitter, Brakspear Bitter, Boddington's Pub Draught
Aroma: The best examples have some malt aroma, often (but not always) with a caramel quality. Mild to moderate fruitiness. Hop aroma can range from moderate to none (UK varieties typically, although US varieties may be used). Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed.
Appearance: Medium gold to medium copper. Good to brilliant clarity. Low to moderate white to off-white head. May have very little head due to low carbonation.
Flavor: Medium to high bitterness. Most have moderately low to moderately high fruity esters.
Moderate to low hop flavor (earthy, resiny, and/or floral UK varieties typically, although US varieties may be used). Low to medium maltiness with a dry finish. Caramel flavors are common but not required. Balance is often decidedly bitter, although the bitterness should not completely overpower the malt flavor, esters and hop flavor. Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Carbonation low, although bottled and canned commercial examples can have moderate carbonation.
Overall Impression: A flavorful, yet refreshing, session beer. Some examples can be more malt balanced, but this should not override the overall bitter impression. Drinkability is a critical component of the style; emphasis is still on the bittering hop addition as opposed to the aggressive middle and late hopping seen in American ales.
History: Originally a draught ale served very fresh under no pressure (gravity or hand pump only) at cellar temperatures (i.e., “real ale”). Bitter was created as a draught alternative (i.e., running beer) to country-brewed pale ale around the start of the 20th century and became widespread once brewers understood how to “Burtonize” their water to successfully brew pale beers and to use crystal malts to add a fullness and roundness of palate.
Comments: More evident malt flavor than in an ordinary bitter, this is a stronger, session-strength ale. Some modern variants are brewed exclusively with pale malt and are known as golden or summer bitters. Most bottled or kegged versions of UK-produced bitters are higher-alcohol versions of their cask (draught) products produced specifically for export. The IBU levels are often not adjusted, so the versions available in the US often do not directly correspond to their style subcategories in Britain. This style guideline reflects the “real ale” version of the style, not the export formulations of commercial products.
Ingredients: Pale ale, amber, and/or crystal malts, may use a touch of black malt for color adjustment. May use sugar adjuncts, corn or wheat. English hops most typical, although American and European varieties are becoming more common (particularly in the paler examples). Characterful
English yeast. Often medium sulfate water is used.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.048
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.008 – 1.012
SRM: 5 – 16
ABV: 3.8 – 4.6%
Commercial Examples: Fuller's London Pride, Coniston Bluebird Bitter, Timothy Taylor Landlord, Adnams SSB, Young’s Special, Shepherd Neame Masterbrew Bitter, Greene King Ruddles County Bitter, RCH Pitchfork Rebellious Bitter, Brains SA, Black Sheep Best Bitter, Goose Island Honkers Ale, Rogue Younger’s Special Bitter
Appearance: Medium gold to medium copper. Good to brilliant clarity. Low to moderate white to off-white head. May have very little head due to low carbonation.
Flavor: Medium to high bitterness. Most have moderately low to moderately high fruity esters.
Moderate to low hop flavor (earthy, resiny, and/or floral UK varieties typically, although US varieties may be used). Low to medium maltiness with a dry finish. Caramel flavors are common but not required. Balance is often decidedly bitter, although the bitterness should not completely overpower the malt flavor, esters and hop flavor. Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Carbonation low, although bottled and canned commercial examples can have moderate carbonation.
Overall Impression: A flavorful, yet refreshing, session beer. Some examples can be more malt balanced, but this should not override the overall bitter impression. Drinkability is a critical component of the style; emphasis is still on the bittering hop addition as opposed to the aggressive middle and late hopping seen in American ales.
History: Originally a draught ale served very fresh under no pressure (gravity or hand pump only) at cellar temperatures (i.e., “real ale”). Bitter was created as a draught alternative (i.e., running beer) to country-brewed pale ale around the start of the 20th century and became widespread once brewers understood how to “Burtonize” their water to successfully brew pale beers and to use crystal malts to add a fullness and roundness of palate.
Comments: More evident malt flavor than in an ordinary bitter, this is a stronger, session-strength ale. Some modern variants are brewed exclusively with pale malt and are known as golden or summer bitters. Most bottled or kegged versions of UK-produced bitters are higher-alcohol versions of their cask (draught) products produced specifically for export. The IBU levels are often not adjusted, so the versions available in the US often do not directly correspond to their style subcategories in Britain. This style guideline reflects the “real ale” version of the style, not the export formulations of commercial products.
Ingredients: Pale ale, amber, and/or crystal malts, may use a touch of black malt for color adjustment. May use sugar adjuncts, corn or wheat. English hops most typical, although American and European varieties are becoming more common (particularly in the paler examples). Characterful
English yeast. Often medium sulfate water is used.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.048
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.008 – 1.012
SRM: 5 – 16
ABV: 3.8 – 4.6%
Commercial Examples: Fuller's London Pride, Coniston Bluebird Bitter, Timothy Taylor Landlord, Adnams SSB, Young’s Special, Shepherd Neame Masterbrew Bitter, Greene King Ruddles County Bitter, RCH Pitchfork Rebellious Bitter, Brains SA, Black Sheep Best Bitter, Goose Island Honkers Ale, Rogue Younger’s Special Bitter
Aroma: Hop aroma moderately-high to moderately-low, and can use any variety of hops although UK hops are most traditional. Medium to medium-high malt aroma, often with a low to moderately strong caramel component (although this character will be more subtle in paler versions). Medium-low to medium-high fruity esters. Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed. May have light, secondary notes of sulfur and/or alcohol in some examples (optional).
Appearance: Golden to deep copper. Good to brilliant clarity. Low to moderate white to off-white head. A low head is acceptable when carbonation is also low.
Flavor: Medium-high to medium bitterness with supporting malt flavors evident. Normally has a moderately low to somewhat strong caramelly malt sweetness. Hop flavor moderate to moderately high (any variety, although earthy, resiny, and/or floral UK hops are most traditional). Hop bitterness and flavor should be noticeable, but should not totally dominate malt flavors. May have low levels of secondary malt flavors (e.g., nutty, biscuity) adding complexity. Moderately-low to high fruity esters. Optionally may have low amounts of alcohol, and up to a moderate minerally/sulfury flavor. Medium-dry to dry finish (particularly if sulfate water is used). Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium-full body. Low to moderate carbonation, although bottled commercial versions will be higher. Stronger versions may have a slight alcohol warmth but this character should not be too high.
Overall Impression: An average-strength to moderately-strong English ale. The balance may be fairly even between malt and hops to somewhat bitter. Drinkability is a critical component of the style; emphasis is still on the bittering hop addition as opposed to the aggressive middle and late hopping seen in American ales. A rather broad style that allows for considerable interpretation by the brewer.
History: Strong bitters can be seen as a higher-gravity version of best bitters (although not necessarily “more premium” since best bitters are traditionally the brewer’s finest product). Since beer is sold by strength in the UK, these beers often have some alcohol flavor (perhaps to let the
consumer know they are getting their due). In England today, “ESB” is a brand unique to Fullers; in America, the name has been co-opted to describe a malty, bitter, reddish, standard-strength (for the US) English-type ale. Hopping can be English or a combination of English and American.
Comments: More evident malt and hop flavors than in a special or best bitter. Stronger versions may overlap somewhat with old ales, although strong bitters will tend to be paler and more bitter. Fuller’s ESB is a unique beer with a very large, complex malt profile not found in other examples; most strong bitters are fruitier and hoppier. Judges should not judge all beers in this style as if they were Fuller’s ESB clones. Some modern English variants are brewed exclusively with pale malt and are known as golden or summer bitters. Most bottled or kegged versions of UK-produced bitters are higher-alcohol versions of their cask (draught) products produced specifically for export. The IBU levels are often not adjusted, so the versions available in the US often do not directly correspond to their style subcategories in Britain. English pale ales are generally considered a premium, export-strength pale, bitter beer that roughly approximates a strong bitter, although reformulated for bottling (including containing higher carbonation).
Ingredients: Pale ale, amber, and/or crystal malts, may use a touch of black malt for color adjustment. May use sugar adjuncts, corn or wheat. English hops most typical, although American and European varieties are becoming more common (particularly in the paler examples). Characterful English yeast. “Burton” versions use medium to high sulfate water.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.060
IBUs: 30 – 50
FG: 1.010 – 1.016
SRM: 6 – 18
ABV: 4.6 – 6.2%
Commercial Examples: Fullers ESB, Adnams Broadside, Shepherd Neame Bishop's Finger, Young’s Ram Rod, Samuel Smith’s Old Brewery Pale Ale, Bass Ale, Whitbread Pale Ale, Shepherd Neame Spitfire, Marston’s Pedigree, Black Sheep Ale, Vintage Henley, Mordue Workie Ticket, Morland Old Speckled Hen, Greene King Abbot Ale, Bateman's XXXB, Gale’s Hordean Special Bitter HSB), Ushers 1824 Particular Ale, Hopback Summer Lightning, Great Lakes Moondog Ale, Shipyard Old Thumper, Alaskan ESB, Geary’s Pale Ale, Cooperstown Old Slugger, Anderson Valley Boont ESB, Avery 14’er ESB, Redhook ESB
Appearance: Golden to deep copper. Good to brilliant clarity. Low to moderate white to off-white head. A low head is acceptable when carbonation is also low.
Flavor: Medium-high to medium bitterness with supporting malt flavors evident. Normally has a moderately low to somewhat strong caramelly malt sweetness. Hop flavor moderate to moderately high (any variety, although earthy, resiny, and/or floral UK hops are most traditional). Hop bitterness and flavor should be noticeable, but should not totally dominate malt flavors. May have low levels of secondary malt flavors (e.g., nutty, biscuity) adding complexity. Moderately-low to high fruity esters. Optionally may have low amounts of alcohol, and up to a moderate minerally/sulfury flavor. Medium-dry to dry finish (particularly if sulfate water is used). Generally no diacetyl, although very low levels are allowed.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium-full body. Low to moderate carbonation, although bottled commercial versions will be higher. Stronger versions may have a slight alcohol warmth but this character should not be too high.
Overall Impression: An average-strength to moderately-strong English ale. The balance may be fairly even between malt and hops to somewhat bitter. Drinkability is a critical component of the style; emphasis is still on the bittering hop addition as opposed to the aggressive middle and late hopping seen in American ales. A rather broad style that allows for considerable interpretation by the brewer.
History: Strong bitters can be seen as a higher-gravity version of best bitters (although not necessarily “more premium” since best bitters are traditionally the brewer’s finest product). Since beer is sold by strength in the UK, these beers often have some alcohol flavor (perhaps to let the
consumer know they are getting their due). In England today, “ESB” is a brand unique to Fullers; in America, the name has been co-opted to describe a malty, bitter, reddish, standard-strength (for the US) English-type ale. Hopping can be English or a combination of English and American.
Comments: More evident malt and hop flavors than in a special or best bitter. Stronger versions may overlap somewhat with old ales, although strong bitters will tend to be paler and more bitter. Fuller’s ESB is a unique beer with a very large, complex malt profile not found in other examples; most strong bitters are fruitier and hoppier. Judges should not judge all beers in this style as if they were Fuller’s ESB clones. Some modern English variants are brewed exclusively with pale malt and are known as golden or summer bitters. Most bottled or kegged versions of UK-produced bitters are higher-alcohol versions of their cask (draught) products produced specifically for export. The IBU levels are often not adjusted, so the versions available in the US often do not directly correspond to their style subcategories in Britain. English pale ales are generally considered a premium, export-strength pale, bitter beer that roughly approximates a strong bitter, although reformulated for bottling (including containing higher carbonation).
Ingredients: Pale ale, amber, and/or crystal malts, may use a touch of black malt for color adjustment. May use sugar adjuncts, corn or wheat. English hops most typical, although American and European varieties are becoming more common (particularly in the paler examples). Characterful English yeast. “Burton” versions use medium to high sulfate water.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.060
IBUs: 30 – 50
FG: 1.010 – 1.016
SRM: 6 – 18
ABV: 4.6 – 6.2%
Commercial Examples: Fullers ESB, Adnams Broadside, Shepherd Neame Bishop's Finger, Young’s Ram Rod, Samuel Smith’s Old Brewery Pale Ale, Bass Ale, Whitbread Pale Ale, Shepherd Neame Spitfire, Marston’s Pedigree, Black Sheep Ale, Vintage Henley, Mordue Workie Ticket, Morland Old Speckled Hen, Greene King Abbot Ale, Bateman's XXXB, Gale’s Hordean Special Bitter HSB), Ushers 1824 Particular Ale, Hopback Summer Lightning, Great Lakes Moondog Ale, Shipyard Old Thumper, Alaskan ESB, Geary’s Pale Ale, Cooperstown Old Slugger, Anderson Valley Boont ESB, Avery 14’er ESB, Redhook ESB
9A. Scottish Light 60/-
9B. Scottish Heavy 70/-
9C. Scottish Export 80/-
9D. Irish Red Ale
9E. Strong Scotch Ale
10. American Ale
Note: All the Scottish Ale sub-categories (9A, 9B, 9C) share the same description. The Scottish ale sub-styles are differentiated mainly on gravity and alcoholic strength, although stronger versions will necessarily have slightly more intense flavors (and more hop bitterness to balance the increased malt). Entrants should select the appropriate category based on original gravity and alcohol level.
Aroma: Low to medium malty sweetness, sometimes accentuated by low to moderate kettle caramelization. Some examples have a low hop aroma, light fruitiness, low diacetyl, and/or a low to moderate peaty aroma (all are optional). The peaty aroma is sometimes perceived as earthy, smoky or very lightly roasted.
Appearance: Deep amber to dark copper. Usually very clear due to long, cool fermentations. Low to moderate, creamy off-white to light tan-colored head.
Flavor: Malt is the primary flavor, but isn’t overly strong. The initial malty sweetness is usually accentuated by a low to moderate kettle caramelization, and is sometimes accompanied by a low diacetyl component. Fruity esters may be moderate to none. Hop bitterness is low to moderate, but the balance will always be towards the malt (although not always by much). Hop flavor is low to none. A low to moderate peaty character is optional, and may be perceived as earthy or smoky. Generally has a grainy, dry finish due to small amounts of unmalted roasted barley.
Mouthfeel: Medium-low to medium body. Low to moderate carbonation. Sometimes a bit creamy, but often quite dry due to use of roasted barley.
Overall Impression: Cleanly malty with a drying finish, perhaps a few esters, and on occasion a faint bit of peaty earthiness (smoke). Most beers finish fairly dry considering their relatively sweet palate, and as such have a different balance than strong Scotch ales.
History: Traditional Scottish session beers reflecting the indigenous ingredients (water, malt), with less hops than their English counterparts (due to the need to import them). Long, cool fermentations are traditionally used in Scottish brewing.
Comments: The malt-hop balance is slightly to moderately tilted towards the malt side. Any caramelization comes from kettle caramelization and not caramel malt (and is sometimes confused with diacetyl). Although unusual, any smoked character is yeast- or water-derived and not from the use of peat-smoked malts. Use of peat-smoked malt to replicate the peaty character should be restrained; overly smoky beers should be entered in the Other Smoked Beer category (22B) rather than here.
Ingredients: Scottish or English pale base malt. Small amounts of roasted barley add color and flavor, and lend a dry, slightly roasty finish. English hops. Clean, relatively un-attenuative ale yeast. Some commercial brewers add small amounts of crystal, amber, or wheat malts, and adjuncts such as sugar. The optional peaty, earthy and/or smoky character comes from the traditional yeast and from the local malt and water rather than using smoked malts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.030 – 1.035
IBUs: 10 – 20
FG: 1.010 – 1.013
SRM: 9 – 17
ABV: 2.5 – 3.2%
Commercial Examples: Belhaven 60/-, McEwan’s 60/-, Maclay 60/- Light (all are cask-only products not exported to the US)
Aroma: Low to medium malty sweetness, sometimes accentuated by low to moderate kettle caramelization. Some examples have a low hop aroma, light fruitiness, low diacetyl, and/or a low to moderate peaty aroma (all are optional). The peaty aroma is sometimes perceived as earthy, smoky or very lightly roasted.
Appearance: Deep amber to dark copper. Usually very clear due to long, cool fermentations. Low to moderate, creamy off-white to light tan-colored head.
Flavor: Malt is the primary flavor, but isn’t overly strong. The initial malty sweetness is usually accentuated by a low to moderate kettle caramelization, and is sometimes accompanied by a low diacetyl component. Fruity esters may be moderate to none. Hop bitterness is low to moderate, but the balance will always be towards the malt (although not always by much). Hop flavor is low to none. A low to moderate peaty character is optional, and may be perceived as earthy or smoky. Generally has a grainy, dry finish due to small amounts of unmalted roasted barley.
Mouthfeel: Medium-low to medium body. Low to moderate carbonation. Sometimes a bit creamy, but often quite dry due to use of roasted barley.
Overall Impression: Cleanly malty with a drying finish, perhaps a few esters, and on occasion a faint bit of peaty earthiness (smoke). Most beers finish fairly dry considering their relatively sweet palate, and as such have a different balance than strong Scotch ales.
History: Traditional Scottish session beers reflecting the indigenous ingredients (water, malt), with less hops than their English counterparts (due to the need to import them). Long, cool fermentations are traditionally used in Scottish brewing.
Comments: The malt-hop balance is slightly to moderately tilted towards the malt side. Any caramelization comes from kettle caramelization and not caramel malt (and is sometimes confused with diacetyl). Although unusual, any smoked character is yeast- or water-derived and not from the use of peat-smoked malts. Use of peat-smoked malt to replicate the peaty character should be restrained; overly smoky beers should be entered in the Other Smoked Beer category (22B) rather than here.
Ingredients: Scottish or English pale base malt. Small amounts of roasted barley add color and flavor, and lend a dry, slightly roasty finish. English hops. Clean, relatively un-attenuative ale yeast. Some commercial brewers add small amounts of crystal, amber, or wheat malts, and adjuncts such as sugar. The optional peaty, earthy and/or smoky character comes from the traditional yeast and from the local malt and water rather than using smoked malts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.030 – 1.035
IBUs: 10 – 20
FG: 1.010 – 1.013
SRM: 9 – 17
ABV: 2.5 – 3.2%
Commercial Examples: Belhaven 60/-, McEwan’s 60/-, Maclay 60/- Light (all are cask-only products not exported to the US)
Note: All the Scottish Ale sub-categories (9A, 9B, 9C) share the same description. The Scottish ale sub-styles are differentiated mainly on gravity and alcoholic strength, although stronger versions will necessarily have slightly more intense flavors (and more hop bitterness to balance the increased malt). Entrants should select the appropriate category based on original gravity and alcohol level.
Aroma: Low to medium malty sweetness, sometimes accentuated by low to moderate kettle caramelization. Some examples have a low hop aroma, light fruitiness, low diacetyl, and/or a low to moderate peaty aroma (all are optional). The peaty aroma is sometimes perceived as earthy, smoky or very lightly roasted.
Appearance: Deep amber to dark copper. Usually very clear due to long, cool fermentations. Low to moderate, creamy off-white to light tan-colored head.
Flavor: Malt is the primary flavor, but isn’t overly strong. The initial malty sweetness is usually accentuated by a low to moderate kettle caramelization, and is sometimes accompanied by a low diacetyl component. Fruity esters may be moderate to none. Hop bitterness is low to moderate, but the balance will always be towards the malt (although not always by much). Hop flavor is low to none. A low to moderate peaty character is optional, and may be perceived as earthy or smoky. Generally has a grainy, dry finish due to small amounts of unmalted roasted barley.
Mouthfeel: Medium-low to medium body. Low to moderate carbonation. Sometimes a bit creamy, but often quite dry due to use of roasted barley.
Overall Impression: Cleanly malty with a drying finish, perhaps a few esters, and on occasion a faint bit of peaty earthiness (smoke). Most beers finish fairly dry considering their relatively sweet palate, and as such have a different balance than strong Scotch ales.
History: Traditional Scottish session beers reflecting the indigenous ingredients (water, malt), with less hops than their English counterparts (due to the need to import them). Long, cool fermentations are traditionally used in Scottish brewing.
Comments: The malt-hop balance is slightly to moderately tilted towards the malt side. Any caramelization comes from kettle caramelization and not caramel malt (and is sometimes confused with diacetyl). Although unusual, any smoked character is yeast- or water-derived and not from the use of peat-smoked malts. Use of peat-smoked malt to replicate the peaty character should be restrained; overly smoky beers should be entered in the Other Smoked Beer category (22B) rather than here.
Ingredients: Scottish or English pale base malt. Small amounts of roasted barley add color and flavor, and lend a dry, slightly roasty finish. English hops. Clean, relatively un-attenuative ale yeast. Some commercial brewers add small amounts of crystal, amber, or wheat malts, and adjuncts such as sugar. The optional peaty, earthy and/or smoky character comes from the traditional yeast and from the local malt and water rather than using smoked malts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.035 – 1.040
IBUs: 10 – 25
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 9 – 17
ABV: 3.2 – 3.9%
Commercial Examples: Caledonian 70/- (Caledonian Amber Ale in the US), Belhaven 70/-, Orkney Raven Ale, Maclay 70/-, Tennents Special, Broughton Greenmantle Ale
Aroma: Low to medium malty sweetness, sometimes accentuated by low to moderate kettle caramelization. Some examples have a low hop aroma, light fruitiness, low diacetyl, and/or a low to moderate peaty aroma (all are optional). The peaty aroma is sometimes perceived as earthy, smoky or very lightly roasted.
Appearance: Deep amber to dark copper. Usually very clear due to long, cool fermentations. Low to moderate, creamy off-white to light tan-colored head.
Flavor: Malt is the primary flavor, but isn’t overly strong. The initial malty sweetness is usually accentuated by a low to moderate kettle caramelization, and is sometimes accompanied by a low diacetyl component. Fruity esters may be moderate to none. Hop bitterness is low to moderate, but the balance will always be towards the malt (although not always by much). Hop flavor is low to none. A low to moderate peaty character is optional, and may be perceived as earthy or smoky. Generally has a grainy, dry finish due to small amounts of unmalted roasted barley.
Mouthfeel: Medium-low to medium body. Low to moderate carbonation. Sometimes a bit creamy, but often quite dry due to use of roasted barley.
Overall Impression: Cleanly malty with a drying finish, perhaps a few esters, and on occasion a faint bit of peaty earthiness (smoke). Most beers finish fairly dry considering their relatively sweet palate, and as such have a different balance than strong Scotch ales.
History: Traditional Scottish session beers reflecting the indigenous ingredients (water, malt), with less hops than their English counterparts (due to the need to import them). Long, cool fermentations are traditionally used in Scottish brewing.
Comments: The malt-hop balance is slightly to moderately tilted towards the malt side. Any caramelization comes from kettle caramelization and not caramel malt (and is sometimes confused with diacetyl). Although unusual, any smoked character is yeast- or water-derived and not from the use of peat-smoked malts. Use of peat-smoked malt to replicate the peaty character should be restrained; overly smoky beers should be entered in the Other Smoked Beer category (22B) rather than here.
Ingredients: Scottish or English pale base malt. Small amounts of roasted barley add color and flavor, and lend a dry, slightly roasty finish. English hops. Clean, relatively un-attenuative ale yeast. Some commercial brewers add small amounts of crystal, amber, or wheat malts, and adjuncts such as sugar. The optional peaty, earthy and/or smoky character comes from the traditional yeast and from the local malt and water rather than using smoked malts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.035 – 1.040
IBUs: 10 – 25
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 9 – 17
ABV: 3.2 – 3.9%
Commercial Examples: Caledonian 70/- (Caledonian Amber Ale in the US), Belhaven 70/-, Orkney Raven Ale, Maclay 70/-, Tennents Special, Broughton Greenmantle Ale
Note: All the Scottish Ale sub-categories (9A, 9B, 9C) share the same description. The Scottish ale sub-styles are differentiated mainly on gravity and alcoholic strength, although stronger versions will necessarily have slightly more intense flavors (and more hop bitterness to balance the increased malt). Entrants should select the appropriate category based on original gravity and alcohol level.
Aroma: Low to medium malty sweetness, sometimes accentuated by low to moderate kettle caramelization. Some examples have a low hop aroma, light fruitiness, low diacetyl, and/or a low to moderate peaty aroma (all are optional). The peaty aroma is sometimes perceived as earthy, smoky or very lightly roasted.
Appearance: Deep amber to dark copper. Usually very clear due to long, cool fermentations. Low to moderate, creamy off-white to light tan-colored head.
Flavor: Malt is the primary flavor, but isn’t overly strong. The initial malty sweetness is usually accentuated by a low to moderate kettle caramelization, and is sometimes accompanied by a low diacetyl component. Fruity esters may be moderate to none. Hop bitterness is low to moderate, but the balance will always be towards the malt (although not always by much). Hop flavor is low to none. A low to moderate peaty character is optional, and may be perceived as earthy or smoky. Generally has a grainy, dry finish due to small amounts of unmalted roasted barley.
Mouthfeel: Medium-low to medium body. Low to moderate carbonation. Sometimes a bit creamy, but often quite dry due to use of roasted barley.
Overall Impression: Cleanly malty with a drying finish, perhaps a few esters, and on occasion a faint bit of peaty earthiness (smoke). Most beers finish fairly dry considering their relatively sweet palate, and as such have a different balance than strong Scotch ales.
History: Traditional Scottish session beers reflecting the indigenous ingredients (water, malt), with less hops than their English counterparts (due to the need to import them). Long, cool fermentations are traditionally used in Scottish brewing.
Comments: The malt-hop balance is slightly to moderately tilted towards the malt side. Any caramelization comes from kettle caramelization and not caramel malt (and is sometimes confused with diacetyl). Although unusual, any smoked character is yeast- or water-derived and not from the use of peat-smoked malts. Use of peat-smoked malt to replicate the peaty character should be restrained; overly smoky beers should be entered in the Other Smoked Beer category (22B) rather than here.
Ingredients: Scottish or English pale base malt. Small amounts of roasted barley add color and flavor, and lend a dry, slightly roasty finish. English hops. Clean, relatively un-attenuative ale yeast. Some commercial brewers add small amounts of crystal, amber, or wheat malts, and adjuncts such as sugar. The optional peaty, earthy and/or smoky character comes from the traditional yeast and from the local malt and water rather than using smoked malts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.035 – 1.040
IBUs: 10 – 25
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 9 – 17
ABV: 3.2 – 3.9%
Commercial Examples: Caledonian 70/- (Caledonian Amber Ale in the US), Belhaven 70/-, Orkney Raven Ale, Maclay 70/-, Tennents Special, Broughton Greenmantle Ale
Aroma: Low to medium malty sweetness, sometimes accentuated by low to moderate kettle caramelization. Some examples have a low hop aroma, light fruitiness, low diacetyl, and/or a low to moderate peaty aroma (all are optional). The peaty aroma is sometimes perceived as earthy, smoky or very lightly roasted.
Appearance: Deep amber to dark copper. Usually very clear due to long, cool fermentations. Low to moderate, creamy off-white to light tan-colored head.
Flavor: Malt is the primary flavor, but isn’t overly strong. The initial malty sweetness is usually accentuated by a low to moderate kettle caramelization, and is sometimes accompanied by a low diacetyl component. Fruity esters may be moderate to none. Hop bitterness is low to moderate, but the balance will always be towards the malt (although not always by much). Hop flavor is low to none. A low to moderate peaty character is optional, and may be perceived as earthy or smoky. Generally has a grainy, dry finish due to small amounts of unmalted roasted barley.
Mouthfeel: Medium-low to medium body. Low to moderate carbonation. Sometimes a bit creamy, but often quite dry due to use of roasted barley.
Overall Impression: Cleanly malty with a drying finish, perhaps a few esters, and on occasion a faint bit of peaty earthiness (smoke). Most beers finish fairly dry considering their relatively sweet palate, and as such have a different balance than strong Scotch ales.
History: Traditional Scottish session beers reflecting the indigenous ingredients (water, malt), with less hops than their English counterparts (due to the need to import them). Long, cool fermentations are traditionally used in Scottish brewing.
Comments: The malt-hop balance is slightly to moderately tilted towards the malt side. Any caramelization comes from kettle caramelization and not caramel malt (and is sometimes confused with diacetyl). Although unusual, any smoked character is yeast- or water-derived and not from the use of peat-smoked malts. Use of peat-smoked malt to replicate the peaty character should be restrained; overly smoky beers should be entered in the Other Smoked Beer category (22B) rather than here.
Ingredients: Scottish or English pale base malt. Small amounts of roasted barley add color and flavor, and lend a dry, slightly roasty finish. English hops. Clean, relatively un-attenuative ale yeast. Some commercial brewers add small amounts of crystal, amber, or wheat malts, and adjuncts such as sugar. The optional peaty, earthy and/or smoky character comes from the traditional yeast and from the local malt and water rather than using smoked malts.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.035 – 1.040
IBUs: 10 – 25
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 9 – 17
ABV: 3.2 – 3.9%
Commercial Examples: Caledonian 70/- (Caledonian Amber Ale in the US), Belhaven 70/-, Orkney Raven Ale, Maclay 70/-, Tennents Special, Broughton Greenmantle Ale
Aroma: Low to moderate malt aroma, generally caramel-like but occasionally toasty or toffee-like in nature. May have a light buttery character (although this is not required). Hop aroma is low to none (usually not present). Quite clean.
Appearance: Amber to deep reddish copper color (most examples have a deep reddish hue). Clear. Low off-white to tan colored head.
Flavor: Moderate caramel malt flavor and sweetness, occasionally with a buttered toast or toffee-like quality. Finishes with a light taste of roasted grain, which lends a characteristic dryness to the finish. Generally no flavor hops, although some examples may have a light English hop flavor. Medium-low hop bitterness, although light use of roasted grains may increase the perception of bitterness to the medium range. Medium-dry to dry finish. Clean and smooth (lager versions can be very smooth). No esters.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body, although examples containing low levels of diacetyl may have a slightly slick mouthfeel. Moderate carbonation. Smooth. Moderately attenuated (more so than Scottish ales). May have a slight alcohol warmth in stronger versions.
Overall Impression: An easy-drinking pint. Malt-focused with an initial sweetness and a roasted dryness in the finish.
Comments: Sometimes brewed as a lager (if so, generally will not exhibit a diacetyl character). When served too cold, the roasted character and bitterness may seem more elevated.
Ingredients: May contain some adjuncts (corn, rice, or sugar), although excessive adjunct use will harm the character of the beer. Generally has a bit of roasted barley to provide reddish color and dry roasted finish. UK/Irish malts, hops, yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.060
IBUs: 17 – 28
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 9 – 18
ABV: 4.0 – 6.0%
Commercial Examples: Three Floyds Brian Boru Old Irish Ale, Great Lakes Conway’s Irish Ale (a bit strong at 6.5%), Kilkenny Irish Beer, O’Hara’s Irish Red Ale, Smithwick’s Irish Ale, Beamish Red Ale, Caffrey’s Irish Ale, Goose Island Kilgubbin Red Ale, Murphy’s Irish Red (lager), Boulevard Irish Ale, Harpoon Hibernian Ale
Appearance: Amber to deep reddish copper color (most examples have a deep reddish hue). Clear. Low off-white to tan colored head.
Flavor: Moderate caramel malt flavor and sweetness, occasionally with a buttered toast or toffee-like quality. Finishes with a light taste of roasted grain, which lends a characteristic dryness to the finish. Generally no flavor hops, although some examples may have a light English hop flavor. Medium-low hop bitterness, although light use of roasted grains may increase the perception of bitterness to the medium range. Medium-dry to dry finish. Clean and smooth (lager versions can be very smooth). No esters.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body, although examples containing low levels of diacetyl may have a slightly slick mouthfeel. Moderate carbonation. Smooth. Moderately attenuated (more so than Scottish ales). May have a slight alcohol warmth in stronger versions.
Overall Impression: An easy-drinking pint. Malt-focused with an initial sweetness and a roasted dryness in the finish.
Comments: Sometimes brewed as a lager (if so, generally will not exhibit a diacetyl character). When served too cold, the roasted character and bitterness may seem more elevated.
Ingredients: May contain some adjuncts (corn, rice, or sugar), although excessive adjunct use will harm the character of the beer. Generally has a bit of roasted barley to provide reddish color and dry roasted finish. UK/Irish malts, hops, yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.060
IBUs: 17 – 28
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 9 – 18
ABV: 4.0 – 6.0%
Commercial Examples: Three Floyds Brian Boru Old Irish Ale, Great Lakes Conway’s Irish Ale (a bit strong at 6.5%), Kilkenny Irish Beer, O’Hara’s Irish Red Ale, Smithwick’s Irish Ale, Beamish Red Ale, Caffrey’s Irish Ale, Goose Island Kilgubbin Red Ale, Murphy’s Irish Red (lager), Boulevard Irish Ale, Harpoon Hibernian Ale
Aroma: Deeply malty, with caramel often apparent. Peaty, earthy and/or smoky secondary aromas may also be present, adding complexity. Caramelization often is mistaken for diacetyl, which should be low to none. Low to moderate esters and alcohol are often present in stronger versions. Hops are very low to none.
Appearance: Light copper to dark brown color, often with deep ruby highlights. Clear. Usually has a large tan head, which may not persist in stronger versions. Legs may be evident in stronger versions.
Flavor: Richly malty with kettle caramelization often apparent (particularly in stronger versions). Hints of roasted malt or smoky flavor may be present, as may some nutty character, all of which may last into the finish. Hop flavors and bitterness are low to medium-low, so malt impression should dominate. Diacetyl is low to none, although caramelization may sometimes be mistaken for it. Low to moderate esters and alcohol are usually present. Esters may suggest plums, raisins or dried fruit. The palate is usually full and sweet, but the finish may be sweet to medium-dry (from light use of roasted barley).
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full-bodied, with some versions (but not all) having a thick, chewy viscosity. A smooth, alcoholic warmth is usually present and is quite welcome since it balances the malty sweetness. Moderate carbonation.
Overall Impression: Rich, malty and usually sweet, which can be suggestive of a dessert. Complex secondary malt flavors prevent a one-dimensional impression. Strength and maltiness can vary.
History/Comments: Also known as a “wee heavy.” Fermented at cooler temperatures than most ales, and with lower hopping rates, resulting in clean, intense malt flavors. Well suited to the region of origin, with abundant malt and cool fermentation and aging temperature. Hops, which are not native to Scotland and formerly expensive to import, were kept to a minimum.
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt, with up to 3% roasted barley. May use some crystal malt for color adjustment; sweetness usually comes not from crystal malts rather from low hopping, high mash temperatures, and kettle caramelization. A small proportion of smoked malt may add depth, though a peaty character (sometimes perceived as earthy or smoky) may also originate from the yeast and native water. Hop presence is minimal, although English varieties are most authentic. Fairly soft water is typical.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.070 – 1.130
IBUs: 17 – 35
FG: 1.018 – 1.056
SRM: 14 – 25
ABV: 6.5 – 10%
Commercial Examples: Traquair House Ale, Belhaven Wee Heavy, McEwan's Scotch Ale, Founders Dirty Bastard, MacAndrew's Scotch Ale, AleSmith Wee Heavy, Orkney Skull Splitter, Inveralmond Black Friar, Broughton Old Jock, Gordon Highland Scotch Ale, Dragonmead Under the Kilt
Appearance: Light copper to dark brown color, often with deep ruby highlights. Clear. Usually has a large tan head, which may not persist in stronger versions. Legs may be evident in stronger versions.
Flavor: Richly malty with kettle caramelization often apparent (particularly in stronger versions). Hints of roasted malt or smoky flavor may be present, as may some nutty character, all of which may last into the finish. Hop flavors and bitterness are low to medium-low, so malt impression should dominate. Diacetyl is low to none, although caramelization may sometimes be mistaken for it. Low to moderate esters and alcohol are usually present. Esters may suggest plums, raisins or dried fruit. The palate is usually full and sweet, but the finish may be sweet to medium-dry (from light use of roasted barley).
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full-bodied, with some versions (but not all) having a thick, chewy viscosity. A smooth, alcoholic warmth is usually present and is quite welcome since it balances the malty sweetness. Moderate carbonation.
Overall Impression: Rich, malty and usually sweet, which can be suggestive of a dessert. Complex secondary malt flavors prevent a one-dimensional impression. Strength and maltiness can vary.
History/Comments: Also known as a “wee heavy.” Fermented at cooler temperatures than most ales, and with lower hopping rates, resulting in clean, intense malt flavors. Well suited to the region of origin, with abundant malt and cool fermentation and aging temperature. Hops, which are not native to Scotland and formerly expensive to import, were kept to a minimum.
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt, with up to 3% roasted barley. May use some crystal malt for color adjustment; sweetness usually comes not from crystal malts rather from low hopping, high mash temperatures, and kettle caramelization. A small proportion of smoked malt may add depth, though a peaty character (sometimes perceived as earthy or smoky) may also originate from the yeast and native water. Hop presence is minimal, although English varieties are most authentic. Fairly soft water is typical.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.070 – 1.130
IBUs: 17 – 35
FG: 1.018 – 1.056
SRM: 14 – 25
ABV: 6.5 – 10%
Commercial Examples: Traquair House Ale, Belhaven Wee Heavy, McEwan's Scotch Ale, Founders Dirty Bastard, MacAndrew's Scotch Ale, AleSmith Wee Heavy, Orkney Skull Splitter, Inveralmond Black Friar, Broughton Old Jock, Gordon Highland Scotch Ale, Dragonmead Under the Kilt
10A. American Pale Ale
10B. American Amber Ale
10C. American Brown Ale
11. English Brown Ale
Aroma: Usually moderate to strong hop aroma from dry hopping or late kettle additions of American hop varieties. A citrusy hop character is very common, but not required. Low to moderate maltiness supports the hop presentation, and may optionally show small amounts of specialty malt character (bready, toasty, biscuity). Fruity esters vary from moderate to none. No diacetyl. Dry hopping (if used) may add grassy notes, although this character should not be excessive.
Appearance: Pale golden to deep amber. Moderately large white to off-white head with good retention. Generally quite clear, although dry-hopped versions may be slightly hazy.
Flavor: Usually a moderate to high hop flavor, often showing a citrusy American hop character (although other hop varieties may be used). Low to moderately high clean malt character supports the hop presentation, and may optionally show small amounts of specialty malt character (bready, toasty, biscuity). The balance is typically towards the late hops and bitterness, but the malt presence can be substantial. Caramel flavors are usually restrained or absent. Fruity esters can be moderate to none. Moderate to high hop bitterness with a medium to dry finish. Hop flavor and bitterness often lingers into the finish. No diacetyl. Dry hopping (if used) may add grassy notes, although this character should not be excessive.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Carbonation moderate to high. Overall smooth finish without astringency often associated with high hopping rates.
Overall Impression: Refreshing and hoppy, yet with sufficient supporting malt.
History: An American adaptation of English pale ale, reflecting indigenous ingredients (hops, malt, yeast, and water). Often lighter in color, cleaner in fermentation by-products, and having less caramel flavors than English counterparts.
Comments: There is some overlap in color between American pale ale and American amber ale. The American pale ale will generally be cleaner, have
a less caramelly malt profile, less body, and often more finishing hops.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt, typically American two-row. American hops, often but not always ones with a citrusy character. American ale yeast. Water can vary in sulfate content, but carbonate content should be relatively low. Specialty grains may add character and complexity, but generally make up a relatively small portion of the grist. Grains that add malt flavor and richness, light sweetness, and toasty or bready notes are often used (along with late hops) to differentiate brands.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.045 – 1.060
IBUs: 30 – 45
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 5 – 14
ABV: 4.5 – 6.2%
Commercial Examples: Sierra Nevada Pale Ale, Stone Pale Ale, Great Lakes Burning River Pale Ale, Bear Republic XP Pale Ale, Anderson Valley Poleeko Gold Pale Ale, Deschutes Mirror Pond, Full Sail Pale Ale, Three Floyds X-Tra Pale Ale, Firestone Pale Ale, Left Hand Brewing Jackman’s Pale Ale
Appearance: Pale golden to deep amber. Moderately large white to off-white head with good retention. Generally quite clear, although dry-hopped versions may be slightly hazy.
Flavor: Usually a moderate to high hop flavor, often showing a citrusy American hop character (although other hop varieties may be used). Low to moderately high clean malt character supports the hop presentation, and may optionally show small amounts of specialty malt character (bready, toasty, biscuity). The balance is typically towards the late hops and bitterness, but the malt presence can be substantial. Caramel flavors are usually restrained or absent. Fruity esters can be moderate to none. Moderate to high hop bitterness with a medium to dry finish. Hop flavor and bitterness often lingers into the finish. No diacetyl. Dry hopping (if used) may add grassy notes, although this character should not be excessive.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Carbonation moderate to high. Overall smooth finish without astringency often associated with high hopping rates.
Overall Impression: Refreshing and hoppy, yet with sufficient supporting malt.
History: An American adaptation of English pale ale, reflecting indigenous ingredients (hops, malt, yeast, and water). Often lighter in color, cleaner in fermentation by-products, and having less caramel flavors than English counterparts.
Comments: There is some overlap in color between American pale ale and American amber ale. The American pale ale will generally be cleaner, have
a less caramelly malt profile, less body, and often more finishing hops.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt, typically American two-row. American hops, often but not always ones with a citrusy character. American ale yeast. Water can vary in sulfate content, but carbonate content should be relatively low. Specialty grains may add character and complexity, but generally make up a relatively small portion of the grist. Grains that add malt flavor and richness, light sweetness, and toasty or bready notes are often used (along with late hops) to differentiate brands.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.045 – 1.060
IBUs: 30 – 45
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 5 – 14
ABV: 4.5 – 6.2%
Commercial Examples: Sierra Nevada Pale Ale, Stone Pale Ale, Great Lakes Burning River Pale Ale, Bear Republic XP Pale Ale, Anderson Valley Poleeko Gold Pale Ale, Deschutes Mirror Pond, Full Sail Pale Ale, Three Floyds X-Tra Pale Ale, Firestone Pale Ale, Left Hand Brewing Jackman’s Pale Ale
Aroma: Low to moderate hop aroma from dry hopping or late kettle additions of American hop varieties. A citrusy hop character is common, but not required. Moderately low to moderately high maltiness balances and sometimes masks the hop presentation, and usually shows a moderate caramel character. Esters vary from moderate to none. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Amber to coppery brown in color. Moderately large off-white head with good retention. Generally quite clear, although dry-hopped versions may be slightly hazy.
Flavor: Moderate to high hop flavor from American hop varieties, which often but not always has a citrusy quality. Malt flavors are moderate to strong, and usually show an initial malty sweetness followed by a moderate caramel flavor (and sometimes other character malts in lesser amounts). Malt and hop bitterness are usually balanced and mutually supportive. Fruity esters can be moderate to none. Caramel sweetness and hop flavor/bitterness can linger somewhat into the medium to full finish. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. Carbonation moderate to high. Overall smooth finish without astringency often associated with high hopping rates. Stronger versions may have a slight alcohol warmth.
Overall Impression: Like an American pale ale with more body, more caramel richness, and a balance more towards malt than hops (although hop rates can be significant).
History: Known simply as Red Ales in some regions, these beers were popularized in the hop-loving Northern California and the Pacific Northwest areas before spreading nationwide.
Comments: Can overlap in color with American pale ales. However, American amber ales differ from American pale ales not only by being usually darker in color, but also by having more caramel flavor, more body, and usually being balanced more evenly between malt and bitterness. Should not have a strong chocolate or roast character that might suggest an American brown ale (although small amounts are OK).
Ingredients: Pale ale malt, typically American two-row. Medium to dark crystal malts. May also contain specialty grains which add additional character and uniqueness. American hops, often with citrusy flavors, are common but others may also be used. Water can vary in sulfate and carbonate content.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.045 – 1.060
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 10 – 17
ABV: 4.5 – 6.2%
Commercial Examples: North Coast Red Seal Ale, Tröegs HopBack Amber Ale, Deschutes Cinder Cone Red, Pyramid Broken Rake, St. Rogue Red Ale, Anderson Valley Boont Amber Ale, Lagunitas Censored Ale, Avery Redpoint Ale, McNeill’s Firehouse Amber Ale, Mendocino Red Tail Ale, Bell's Amber
Appearance: Amber to coppery brown in color. Moderately large off-white head with good retention. Generally quite clear, although dry-hopped versions may be slightly hazy.
Flavor: Moderate to high hop flavor from American hop varieties, which often but not always has a citrusy quality. Malt flavors are moderate to strong, and usually show an initial malty sweetness followed by a moderate caramel flavor (and sometimes other character malts in lesser amounts). Malt and hop bitterness are usually balanced and mutually supportive. Fruity esters can be moderate to none. Caramel sweetness and hop flavor/bitterness can linger somewhat into the medium to full finish. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. Carbonation moderate to high. Overall smooth finish without astringency often associated with high hopping rates. Stronger versions may have a slight alcohol warmth.
Overall Impression: Like an American pale ale with more body, more caramel richness, and a balance more towards malt than hops (although hop rates can be significant).
History: Known simply as Red Ales in some regions, these beers were popularized in the hop-loving Northern California and the Pacific Northwest areas before spreading nationwide.
Comments: Can overlap in color with American pale ales. However, American amber ales differ from American pale ales not only by being usually darker in color, but also by having more caramel flavor, more body, and usually being balanced more evenly between malt and bitterness. Should not have a strong chocolate or roast character that might suggest an American brown ale (although small amounts are OK).
Ingredients: Pale ale malt, typically American two-row. Medium to dark crystal malts. May also contain specialty grains which add additional character and uniqueness. American hops, often with citrusy flavors, are common but others may also be used. Water can vary in sulfate and carbonate content.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.045 – 1.060
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.015
SRM: 10 – 17
ABV: 4.5 – 6.2%
Commercial Examples: North Coast Red Seal Ale, Tröegs HopBack Amber Ale, Deschutes Cinder Cone Red, Pyramid Broken Rake, St. Rogue Red Ale, Anderson Valley Boont Amber Ale, Lagunitas Censored Ale, Avery Redpoint Ale, McNeill’s Firehouse Amber Ale, Mendocino Red Tail Ale, Bell's Amber
Aroma: Malty, sweet and rich, which often has a chocolate, caramel, nutty and/or toasty quality. Hop aroma is typically low to moderate. Some interpretations of the style may feature a stronger hop aroma, a citrusy American hop character, and/or a fresh dry-hopped aroma (all are optional). Fruity esters are moderate to very low. The dark malt character is more robust than other brown ales, yet stops short of being overly porter-like. The malt and hops are generally balanced. Moderately low to no diacetyl.
Appearance: Light to very dark brown color. Clear. Low to moderate off-white to light tan head.
Flavor: Medium to high malty flavor (often with caramel, toasty and/or chocolate flavors), with medium to medium-high bitterness. The medium to medium-dry finish provides an aftertaste having both malt and hops. Hop flavor can be light to moderate, and may optionally have a citrusy character. Very low to moderate fruity esters. Moderately low to no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. More bitter versions may have a dry, resiny impression. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Stronger versions may have some alcohol warmth in the finish.
Overall Impression: Can be considered a bigger, maltier, hoppier interpretation of Northern English brown ale or a hoppier, less malty Brown Porter, often including the citrus-accented hop presence that is characteristic of American hop varieties.
History/Comments: A strongly flavored, hoppy brown beer, originated by American home brewers. Related to American Pale and American Amber Ales, although with more of a caramel and chocolate character, which tends to balance the hop bitterness and finish. Most commercial American Browns are not as aggressive as the original homebrewed versions, and some modern craft brewed examples. IPA-strength brown ales should be entered in the Specialty Beer category (23).
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt, either American or Continental, plus crystal and darker malts should complete the malt bill. American hops are typical, but UK or noble hops can also be used. Moderate carbonate water would appropriately balance the dark malt acidity.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.045 – 1.060
IBUs: 20 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.016
SRM: 18 – 35
ABV: 4.3 – 6.2%
Commercial Examples: Bell’s Best Brown, Smuttynose Old Brown Dog Ale, Big Sky Moose Drool Brown Ale, North Coast Acme Brown, Brooklyn Brown Ale, Lost Coast Downtown Brown, Left Hand Deep Cover Brown Ale
Appearance: Light to very dark brown color. Clear. Low to moderate off-white to light tan head.
Flavor: Medium to high malty flavor (often with caramel, toasty and/or chocolate flavors), with medium to medium-high bitterness. The medium to medium-dry finish provides an aftertaste having both malt and hops. Hop flavor can be light to moderate, and may optionally have a citrusy character. Very low to moderate fruity esters. Moderately low to no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. More bitter versions may have a dry, resiny impression. Moderate to moderately high carbonation. Stronger versions may have some alcohol warmth in the finish.
Overall Impression: Can be considered a bigger, maltier, hoppier interpretation of Northern English brown ale or a hoppier, less malty Brown Porter, often including the citrus-accented hop presence that is characteristic of American hop varieties.
History/Comments: A strongly flavored, hoppy brown beer, originated by American home brewers. Related to American Pale and American Amber Ales, although with more of a caramel and chocolate character, which tends to balance the hop bitterness and finish. Most commercial American Browns are not as aggressive as the original homebrewed versions, and some modern craft brewed examples. IPA-strength brown ales should be entered in the Specialty Beer category (23).
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt, either American or Continental, plus crystal and darker malts should complete the malt bill. American hops are typical, but UK or noble hops can also be used. Moderate carbonate water would appropriately balance the dark malt acidity.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.045 – 1.060
IBUs: 20 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.016
SRM: 18 – 35
ABV: 4.3 – 6.2%
Commercial Examples: Bell’s Best Brown, Smuttynose Old Brown Dog Ale, Big Sky Moose Drool Brown Ale, North Coast Acme Brown, Brooklyn Brown Ale, Lost Coast Downtown Brown, Left Hand Deep Cover Brown Ale
11A. Mild
11B. Southern English Brown
11C. Northern English Brown Ale
12. Porter
Aroma: Low to moderate malt aroma, and may have some fruitiness. The malt expression can take on a wide range of character, which can include caramelly, grainy, toasted, nutty, chocolate, or lightly roasted. Little to no hop aroma. Very low to no diacetyl.
Appearance: Copper to dark brown or mahogany color. A few paler examples (medium amber to light brown) exist. Generally clear, although is traditionally unfiltered. Low to moderate off-white to tan head. Retention may be poor due to low carbonation, adjunct use and low gravity.
Flavor: Generally a malty beer, although may have a very wide range of malt- and yeast-based flavors (e.g., malty, sweet, caramel, toffee, toast, nutty, chocolate, coffee, roast, vinous, fruit, licorice, molasses, plum, raisin). Can finish sweet or dry. Versions with darker malts may have a dry, roasted finish. Low to moderate bitterness, enough to provide some balance but not enough to overpower the malt. Fruity esters moderate to none. Diacetyl and hop flavor low to none.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium body. Generally low to medium-low carbonation. Roast-based versions may have a light astringency. Sweeter versions may seem to have a rather full mouthfeel for the gravity.
Overall Impression: A light-flavored, malt-accented beer that is readily suited to drinking in quantity. Refreshing, yet flavorful. Some versions may seem like lower gravity brown porters.
History: May have evolved as one of the elements of early porters. In modern terms, the name “mild” refers to the relative lack of hop bitterness (i.e., less hoppy than a pale ale, and not so strong). Originally, the “mildness” may have referred to the fact that this beer was young and did not yet have the moderate sourness that aged batches had. Somewhat rare in England, good versions may still be found in the Midlands around Birmingham.
Comments: Most are low-gravity session beers in the range 3.1-3.8%, although some versions may be made in the stronger (4%+) range for export, festivals, seasonal and/or special occasions. Generally served on cask; session-strength bottled versions don’t often travel well. A wide range of interpretations are possible.
Ingredients: Pale English base malts (often fairly dextrinous), crystal and darker malts should comprise the grist. May use sugar adjuncts. English hop varieties would be most suitable, though their character is muted. Characterful English ale yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.030 – 1.038
IBUs: 10 – 25
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 12 – 25
ABV: 2.8 – 4.5%
Commercial Examples: Moorhouse Black Cat, Gale’s Festival Mild, Theakston Traditional Mild, Highgate Mild, Sainsbury Mild, Brain’s Dark, Banks's Mild, Coach House Gunpowder Strong Mild, Woodforde’s Mardler’s Mild, Greene King XX Mild, Motor City Brewing Ghettoblaster
Appearance: Copper to dark brown or mahogany color. A few paler examples (medium amber to light brown) exist. Generally clear, although is traditionally unfiltered. Low to moderate off-white to tan head. Retention may be poor due to low carbonation, adjunct use and low gravity.
Flavor: Generally a malty beer, although may have a very wide range of malt- and yeast-based flavors (e.g., malty, sweet, caramel, toffee, toast, nutty, chocolate, coffee, roast, vinous, fruit, licorice, molasses, plum, raisin). Can finish sweet or dry. Versions with darker malts may have a dry, roasted finish. Low to moderate bitterness, enough to provide some balance but not enough to overpower the malt. Fruity esters moderate to none. Diacetyl and hop flavor low to none.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium body. Generally low to medium-low carbonation. Roast-based versions may have a light astringency. Sweeter versions may seem to have a rather full mouthfeel for the gravity.
Overall Impression: A light-flavored, malt-accented beer that is readily suited to drinking in quantity. Refreshing, yet flavorful. Some versions may seem like lower gravity brown porters.
History: May have evolved as one of the elements of early porters. In modern terms, the name “mild” refers to the relative lack of hop bitterness (i.e., less hoppy than a pale ale, and not so strong). Originally, the “mildness” may have referred to the fact that this beer was young and did not yet have the moderate sourness that aged batches had. Somewhat rare in England, good versions may still be found in the Midlands around Birmingham.
Comments: Most are low-gravity session beers in the range 3.1-3.8%, although some versions may be made in the stronger (4%+) range for export, festivals, seasonal and/or special occasions. Generally served on cask; session-strength bottled versions don’t often travel well. A wide range of interpretations are possible.
Ingredients: Pale English base malts (often fairly dextrinous), crystal and darker malts should comprise the grist. May use sugar adjuncts. English hop varieties would be most suitable, though their character is muted. Characterful English ale yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.030 – 1.038
IBUs: 10 – 25
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 12 – 25
ABV: 2.8 – 4.5%
Commercial Examples: Moorhouse Black Cat, Gale’s Festival Mild, Theakston Traditional Mild, Highgate Mild, Sainsbury Mild, Brain’s Dark, Banks's Mild, Coach House Gunpowder Strong Mild, Woodforde’s Mardler’s Mild, Greene King XX Mild, Motor City Brewing Ghettoblaster
Aroma: Malty-sweet, often with a rich, caramel or toffee-like character. Moderately fruity, often with notes of dark fruits such as plums and/or raisins. Very low to no hop aroma. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Light to dark brown, and can be almost black. Nearly opaque, although should be relatively clear if visible. Low to moderate off-white to tan head.
Flavor: Deep, caramel- or toffee-like malty sweetness on the palate and lasting into the finish. Hints of biscuit and coffee are common. May have a moderate dark fruit complexity. Low hop bitterness. Hop flavor is low to non-existent. Little or no perceivable roasty or bitter black malt flavor. Moderately sweet finish with a smooth, malty aftertaste. Low to no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium body, but the residual sweetness may give a heavier impression. Low to moderately low carbonation. Quite creamy and smooth in texture, particularly for its gravity.
Overall Impression: A luscious, malt-oriented brown ale, with a caramel, dark fruit complexity of malt flavor. May seem somewhat like a smaller version of a sweet stout or a sweet version of a dark mild.
History: English brown ales are generally split into sub-styles along geographic lines. Southern English (or “London-style”) brown ales are darker, sweeter, and lower gravity than their Northern cousins. Developed as a bottled product in the early 20th century out of a reaction against vinous vatted porter and often unpalatable mild. Well suited to London’s water supply.
Comments: Increasingly rare; Mann’s has over 90% market share in Britain. Some consider it a bottled version of dark mild, but this style is sweeter than virtually all modern examples of mild.
Ingredients: English pale ale malt as a base with a healthy proportion of darker caramel malts and often some roasted (black) malt and wheat malt. Moderate to high carbonate water would appropriately balance the dark malt acidity. English hop varieties are most authentic, though with low flavor and bitterness almost any type could be used.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.033 – 1.042
IBUs: 12 – 20
FG: 1.011 – 1.014
SRM: 19 – 35
ABV: 2.8 – 4.1%
Commercial Examples: Mann's Brown Ale (bottled, but not available in the US), Harvey’s Nut Brown Ale, Woodeforde’s Norfolk Nog
Appearance: Light to dark brown, and can be almost black. Nearly opaque, although should be relatively clear if visible. Low to moderate off-white to tan head.
Flavor: Deep, caramel- or toffee-like malty sweetness on the palate and lasting into the finish. Hints of biscuit and coffee are common. May have a moderate dark fruit complexity. Low hop bitterness. Hop flavor is low to non-existent. Little or no perceivable roasty or bitter black malt flavor. Moderately sweet finish with a smooth, malty aftertaste. Low to no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium body, but the residual sweetness may give a heavier impression. Low to moderately low carbonation. Quite creamy and smooth in texture, particularly for its gravity.
Overall Impression: A luscious, malt-oriented brown ale, with a caramel, dark fruit complexity of malt flavor. May seem somewhat like a smaller version of a sweet stout or a sweet version of a dark mild.
History: English brown ales are generally split into sub-styles along geographic lines. Southern English (or “London-style”) brown ales are darker, sweeter, and lower gravity than their Northern cousins. Developed as a bottled product in the early 20th century out of a reaction against vinous vatted porter and often unpalatable mild. Well suited to London’s water supply.
Comments: Increasingly rare; Mann’s has over 90% market share in Britain. Some consider it a bottled version of dark mild, but this style is sweeter than virtually all modern examples of mild.
Ingredients: English pale ale malt as a base with a healthy proportion of darker caramel malts and often some roasted (black) malt and wheat malt. Moderate to high carbonate water would appropriately balance the dark malt acidity. English hop varieties are most authentic, though with low flavor and bitterness almost any type could be used.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.033 – 1.042
IBUs: 12 – 20
FG: 1.011 – 1.014
SRM: 19 – 35
ABV: 2.8 – 4.1%
Commercial Examples: Mann's Brown Ale (bottled, but not available in the US), Harvey’s Nut Brown Ale, Woodeforde’s Norfolk Nog
Aroma: Light, sweet malt aroma with toffee, nutty and/or caramel notes. A light but appealing fresh hop aroma (UK varieties) may also be noticed. A light fruity ester aroma may be evident in these beers, but should not dominate. Very low to no diacetyl.
Appearance: Dark amber to reddish-brown color. Clear. Low to moderate off-white to light tan head.
Flavor: Gentle to moderate malt sweetness, with a nutty, lightly caramelly character and a medium-dry to dry finish. Malt may also have a toasted, biscuity, or toffee-like character. Medium to medium-low bitterness. Malt-hop balance is nearly even, with hop flavor low to none (UK varieties). Some fruity esters can be present; low diacetyl (especially butterscotch) is optional but acceptable.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Medium to medium-high carbonation.
Overall Impression: Drier and more hop-oriented that southern English brown ale, with a nutty character rather than caramel.
History/Comments: English brown ales are generally split into sub-styles along geographic lines.
Ingredients: English mild ale or pale ale malt base with caramel malts. May also have small amounts darker malts (e.g., chocolate) to provide color and the nutty character. English hop varieties are most authentic. Moderate carbonate water.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.052
IBUs: 20 – 30
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 12 – 22
ABV: 4.2 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Newcastle Brown Ale, Samuel Smith’s Nut Brown Ale, Riggwelter Yorkshire Ale, Wychwood Hobgoblin, Tröegs Rugged Trail Ale, Alesmith Nautical Nut Brown Ale, Avery Ellie’s Brown Ale, Goose Island Nut Brown Ale, Samuel Adams Brown Ale
Appearance: Dark amber to reddish-brown color. Clear. Low to moderate off-white to light tan head.
Flavor: Gentle to moderate malt sweetness, with a nutty, lightly caramelly character and a medium-dry to dry finish. Malt may also have a toasted, biscuity, or toffee-like character. Medium to medium-low bitterness. Malt-hop balance is nearly even, with hop flavor low to none (UK varieties). Some fruity esters can be present; low diacetyl (especially butterscotch) is optional but acceptable.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Medium to medium-high carbonation.
Overall Impression: Drier and more hop-oriented that southern English brown ale, with a nutty character rather than caramel.
History/Comments: English brown ales are generally split into sub-styles along geographic lines.
Ingredients: English mild ale or pale ale malt base with caramel malts. May also have small amounts darker malts (e.g., chocolate) to provide color and the nutty character. English hop varieties are most authentic. Moderate carbonate water.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.052
IBUs: 20 – 30
FG: 1.008 – 1.013
SRM: 12 – 22
ABV: 4.2 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Newcastle Brown Ale, Samuel Smith’s Nut Brown Ale, Riggwelter Yorkshire Ale, Wychwood Hobgoblin, Tröegs Rugged Trail Ale, Alesmith Nautical Nut Brown Ale, Avery Ellie’s Brown Ale, Goose Island Nut Brown Ale, Samuel Adams Brown Ale
12A. Brown Porter
12B. Robust Porter
12C. Baltic Porter
13. Stout
Aroma: Malt aroma with mild roastiness should be evident, and may have a chocolaty quality. May also show some non-roasted malt character in support (caramelly, grainy, bready, nutty, toffee-like and/or sweet). English hop aroma moderate to none. Fruity esters moderate to none. Diacetyl low to none.
Appearance: Light brown to dark brown in color, often with ruby highlights when held up to light. Good clarity, although may approach being opaque. Moderate off-white to light tan head with good to fair retention.
Flavor: Malt flavor includes a mild to moderate roastiness (frequently with a chocolate character) and often a significant caramel, nutty, and/or toffee character. May have other secondary flavors such as coffee, licorice, biscuits or toast in support. Should not have a significant black malt character (acrid, burnt, or harsh roasted flavors), although small amounts may contribute a bitter chocolate complexity. English hop flavor moderate to none. Medium-low to medium hop bitterness will vary the balance from slightly malty to slightly bitter. Usually fairly well attenuated, although somewhat sweet versions exist. Diacetyl should be moderately low to none. Moderate to low fruity esters.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Moderately low to moderately high carbonation.
Overall Impression: A fairly substantial English dark ale with restrained roasty characteristics.
History: Originating in England, porter evolved from a blend of beers or gyles known as “Entire.” A precursor to stout. Said to have been favored by porters and other physical laborers.
Comments: Differs from a robust porter in that it usually has softer, sweeter and more caramelly flavors, lower gravities, and usually less alcohol. More substance and roast than a brown ale. Higher in gravity than a dark mild. Some versions are fermented with lager yeast. Balance tends toward malt more than hops. Usually has an “English” character. Historical versions with Brettanomyces, sourness, or smokiness should be entered in the Specialty Beer category (23).
Ingredients: English ingredients are most common. May contain several malts, including chocolate and/or other dark roasted malts and caramel-type malts. Historical versions would use a significant amount of brown malt. Usually does not contain large amounts of black patent malt or roasted barley. English hops are most common, but are usually subdued. London or Dublin-type water (moderate carbonate hardness) is traditional. English or Irish ale yeast, or occasionally lager yeast, is used. May contain a moderate amount of adjuncts (sugars, maize, molasses, treacle, etc.).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.052
IBUs: 18 – 35
FG: 1.008 – 1.014
SRM: 20 – 30
ABV: 4 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Fuller's London Porter, Samuel Smith Taddy Porter, Burton Bridge Burton Porter, RCH Old Slug Porter, Nethergate Old Growler Porter, Hambleton Nightmare Porter, Harvey’s Tom Paine Original Old Porter, Salopian Entire Butt English Porter, St. Peters Old-Style Porter, Shepherd Neame Original Porter, Flag Porter, Wasatch Polygamy Porter
Appearance: Light brown to dark brown in color, often with ruby highlights when held up to light. Good clarity, although may approach being opaque. Moderate off-white to light tan head with good to fair retention.
Flavor: Malt flavor includes a mild to moderate roastiness (frequently with a chocolate character) and often a significant caramel, nutty, and/or toffee character. May have other secondary flavors such as coffee, licorice, biscuits or toast in support. Should not have a significant black malt character (acrid, burnt, or harsh roasted flavors), although small amounts may contribute a bitter chocolate complexity. English hop flavor moderate to none. Medium-low to medium hop bitterness will vary the balance from slightly malty to slightly bitter. Usually fairly well attenuated, although somewhat sweet versions exist. Diacetyl should be moderately low to none. Moderate to low fruity esters.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body. Moderately low to moderately high carbonation.
Overall Impression: A fairly substantial English dark ale with restrained roasty characteristics.
History: Originating in England, porter evolved from a blend of beers or gyles known as “Entire.” A precursor to stout. Said to have been favored by porters and other physical laborers.
Comments: Differs from a robust porter in that it usually has softer, sweeter and more caramelly flavors, lower gravities, and usually less alcohol. More substance and roast than a brown ale. Higher in gravity than a dark mild. Some versions are fermented with lager yeast. Balance tends toward malt more than hops. Usually has an “English” character. Historical versions with Brettanomyces, sourness, or smokiness should be entered in the Specialty Beer category (23).
Ingredients: English ingredients are most common. May contain several malts, including chocolate and/or other dark roasted malts and caramel-type malts. Historical versions would use a significant amount of brown malt. Usually does not contain large amounts of black patent malt or roasted barley. English hops are most common, but are usually subdued. London or Dublin-type water (moderate carbonate hardness) is traditional. English or Irish ale yeast, or occasionally lager yeast, is used. May contain a moderate amount of adjuncts (sugars, maize, molasses, treacle, etc.).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.040 – 1.052
IBUs: 18 – 35
FG: 1.008 – 1.014
SRM: 20 – 30
ABV: 4 – 5.4%
Commercial Examples: Fuller's London Porter, Samuel Smith Taddy Porter, Burton Bridge Burton Porter, RCH Old Slug Porter, Nethergate Old Growler Porter, Hambleton Nightmare Porter, Harvey’s Tom Paine Original Old Porter, Salopian Entire Butt English Porter, St. Peters Old-Style Porter, Shepherd Neame Original Porter, Flag Porter, Wasatch Polygamy Porter
Aroma: Roasty aroma (often with a lightly burnt, black malt character) should be noticeable and may be moderately strong. Optionally may also show some additional malt character in support (grainy, bready, toffee-like, caramelly, chocolate, coffee, rich, and/or sweet). Hop aroma low to high (US or UK varieties). Some American versions may be dry-hopped. Fruity esters are moderate to none. Diacetyl low to none.
Appearance: Medium brown to very dark brown, often with ruby- or garnet-like highlights. Can approach black in color. Clarity may be difficult to discern in such a dark beer, but when not opaque will be clear (particularly when held up to the light). Full, tan-colored head with moderately good head retention.
Flavor: Moderately strong malt flavor usually features a lightly burnt, black malt character (and sometimes chocolate and/or coffee flavors) with a bit of roasty dryness in the finish. Overall flavor may finish from dry to medium-sweet, depending on grist composition, hop bittering level, and attenuation. May have a sharp character from dark roasted grains, although should not be overly acrid, burnt or harsh. Medium to high bitterness, which can be accentuated by the roasted malt. Hop flavor can vary from low to moderately high (US or UK varieties, typically), and balances the roasted malt flavors. Diacetyl low to none. Fruity esters moderate to none.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. Moderately low to moderately high carbonation. Stronger versions may have a slight alcohol warmth. May have a slight astringency from roasted grains, although this character should not be strong.
Overall Impression: A substantial, malty dark ale with a complex and flavorful roasty character.
History: Stronger, hoppier and/or roastier version of porter designed as either a historical throwback or an American interpretation of the style. Traditional versions will have a more subtle hop character (often English), while modern versions may be considerably more aggressive. Both types are equally valid.
Comments: Although a rather broad style open to brewer interpretation, it may be distinguished from Stout as lacking a strong roasted barley character. It differs from a brown porter in that a black patent or roasted grain character is usually present, and it can be stronger in alcohol. Roast intensity and malt flavors can also vary significantly. May or may not have a strong hop character, and may or may not have significant fermentation by-products; thus may seem to have an “American” or “English” character.
Ingredients: May contain several malts, prominently dark roasted malts and grains, which often include black patent malt (chocolate malt and/or roasted barley may also be used in some versions). Hops are used for bittering, flavor and/or aroma, and are frequently UK or US varieties. Water with moderate to high carbonate hardness is typical. Ale yeast can either be clean US versions or characterful English varieties.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.065
IBUs: 25 – 50
FG: 1.012 – 1.016
SRM: 22 – 35
ABV: 4.8 – 6.5%
Commercial Examples: Great Lakes Edmund Fitzgerald Porter, Meantime London Porter, Anchor Porter, Smuttynose Robust Porter, Sierra Nevada Porter, Deschutes Black Butte Porter, Boulevard Bully! Porter, Rogue Mocha Porter, Avery New World Porter, Bell’s Porter, Great Divide Saint Bridget’s Porter
Appearance: Medium brown to very dark brown, often with ruby- or garnet-like highlights. Can approach black in color. Clarity may be difficult to discern in such a dark beer, but when not opaque will be clear (particularly when held up to the light). Full, tan-colored head with moderately good head retention.
Flavor: Moderately strong malt flavor usually features a lightly burnt, black malt character (and sometimes chocolate and/or coffee flavors) with a bit of roasty dryness in the finish. Overall flavor may finish from dry to medium-sweet, depending on grist composition, hop bittering level, and attenuation. May have a sharp character from dark roasted grains, although should not be overly acrid, burnt or harsh. Medium to high bitterness, which can be accentuated by the roasted malt. Hop flavor can vary from low to moderately high (US or UK varieties, typically), and balances the roasted malt flavors. Diacetyl low to none. Fruity esters moderate to none.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. Moderately low to moderately high carbonation. Stronger versions may have a slight alcohol warmth. May have a slight astringency from roasted grains, although this character should not be strong.
Overall Impression: A substantial, malty dark ale with a complex and flavorful roasty character.
History: Stronger, hoppier and/or roastier version of porter designed as either a historical throwback or an American interpretation of the style. Traditional versions will have a more subtle hop character (often English), while modern versions may be considerably more aggressive. Both types are equally valid.
Comments: Although a rather broad style open to brewer interpretation, it may be distinguished from Stout as lacking a strong roasted barley character. It differs from a brown porter in that a black patent or roasted grain character is usually present, and it can be stronger in alcohol. Roast intensity and malt flavors can also vary significantly. May or may not have a strong hop character, and may or may not have significant fermentation by-products; thus may seem to have an “American” or “English” character.
Ingredients: May contain several malts, prominently dark roasted malts and grains, which often include black patent malt (chocolate malt and/or roasted barley may also be used in some versions). Hops are used for bittering, flavor and/or aroma, and are frequently UK or US varieties. Water with moderate to high carbonate hardness is typical. Ale yeast can either be clean US versions or characterful English varieties.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.065
IBUs: 25 – 50
FG: 1.012 – 1.016
SRM: 22 – 35
ABV: 4.8 – 6.5%
Commercial Examples: Great Lakes Edmund Fitzgerald Porter, Meantime London Porter, Anchor Porter, Smuttynose Robust Porter, Sierra Nevada Porter, Deschutes Black Butte Porter, Boulevard Bully! Porter, Rogue Mocha Porter, Avery New World Porter, Bell’s Porter, Great Divide Saint Bridget’s Porter
Aroma: Rich malty sweetness often containing caramel, toffee, nutty to deep toast, and/or licorice notes. Complex alcohol and ester profile of moderate strength, and reminiscent of plums, prunes, raisins, cherries or currants, occasionally with a vinous Port-like quality. Some darker malt character that is deep chocolate, coffee or molasses but never burnt. No hops. No sourness. Very smooth.
Appearance: Dark reddish copper to opaque dark brown (not black). Thick, persistent tan-colored head. Clear, although darker versions can be opaque.
Flavor: As with aroma, has a rich malty sweetness with a complex blend of deep malt, dried fruit esters, and alcohol. Has a prominent yet smooth schwarzbier-like roasted flavor that stops short of burnt. Mouth-filling and very smooth. Clean lager character; no diacetyl. Starts sweet but darker malt flavors quickly dominates and persists through finish. Just a touch dry with a hint of roast coffee or licorice in the finish. Malt can have a caramel, toffee, nutty, molasses and/or licorice complexity. Light hints of black currant and dark fruits. Medium-low to medium bitterness from malt and hops, just to provide balance. Hop flavor from slightly spicy hops (Lublin or Saaz types) ranges from none to medium-low.
Mouthfeel: Generally quite full-bodied and smooth, with a well-aged alcohol warmth (although the rarer lower gravity Carnegie-style versions will have a medium body and less warmth). Medium to medium-high carbonation, making it seem even more mouth-filling. Not heavy on the tongue due to carbonation level. Most versions are in the 7-8.5% ABV range.
Overall Impression: A Baltic Porter often has the malt flavors reminiscent of an English brown porter and the restrained roast of a schwarzbier, but with a higher OG and alcohol content than either. Very complex, with multi-layered flavors.
History: Traditional beer from countries bordering the Baltic Sea. Derived from English porters but influenced by Russian Imperial Stouts.
Comments: May also be described as an Imperial Porter, although heavily roasted or hopped versions should be entered as either Imperial Stouts (13F) or Specialty Beers (23).
Ingredients: Generally lager yeast (cold fermented if using ale yeast). Debittered chocolate or black malt. Munich or Vienna base malt. Continental hops. May contain crystal malts and/or adjuncts. Brown or amber malt common in historical recipes.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.060 – 1.090
IBUs: 20 – 40
FG: 1.016 – 1.024
SRM: 17 – 30
ABV: 5.5 – 9.5%
Commercial Examples: Sinebrychoff Porter (Finland), Okocim Porter (Poland), Zywiec Porter (Poland), Baltika #6 Porter (Russia), Carnegie Stark Porter (Sweden), Aldaris Porteris (Latvia), Utenos Porter (Lithuania), Stepan Razin Porter (Russia), Nøgne ø porter (Norway), Neuzeller Kloster-Bräu Neuzeller Porter (Germany), Southampton Imperial Baltic Porter
Appearance: Dark reddish copper to opaque dark brown (not black). Thick, persistent tan-colored head. Clear, although darker versions can be opaque.
Flavor: As with aroma, has a rich malty sweetness with a complex blend of deep malt, dried fruit esters, and alcohol. Has a prominent yet smooth schwarzbier-like roasted flavor that stops short of burnt. Mouth-filling and very smooth. Clean lager character; no diacetyl. Starts sweet but darker malt flavors quickly dominates and persists through finish. Just a touch dry with a hint of roast coffee or licorice in the finish. Malt can have a caramel, toffee, nutty, molasses and/or licorice complexity. Light hints of black currant and dark fruits. Medium-low to medium bitterness from malt and hops, just to provide balance. Hop flavor from slightly spicy hops (Lublin or Saaz types) ranges from none to medium-low.
Mouthfeel: Generally quite full-bodied and smooth, with a well-aged alcohol warmth (although the rarer lower gravity Carnegie-style versions will have a medium body and less warmth). Medium to medium-high carbonation, making it seem even more mouth-filling. Not heavy on the tongue due to carbonation level. Most versions are in the 7-8.5% ABV range.
Overall Impression: A Baltic Porter often has the malt flavors reminiscent of an English brown porter and the restrained roast of a schwarzbier, but with a higher OG and alcohol content than either. Very complex, with multi-layered flavors.
History: Traditional beer from countries bordering the Baltic Sea. Derived from English porters but influenced by Russian Imperial Stouts.
Comments: May also be described as an Imperial Porter, although heavily roasted or hopped versions should be entered as either Imperial Stouts (13F) or Specialty Beers (23).
Ingredients: Generally lager yeast (cold fermented if using ale yeast). Debittered chocolate or black malt. Munich or Vienna base malt. Continental hops. May contain crystal malts and/or adjuncts. Brown or amber malt common in historical recipes.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.060 – 1.090
IBUs: 20 – 40
FG: 1.016 – 1.024
SRM: 17 – 30
ABV: 5.5 – 9.5%
Commercial Examples: Sinebrychoff Porter (Finland), Okocim Porter (Poland), Zywiec Porter (Poland), Baltika #6 Porter (Russia), Carnegie Stark Porter (Sweden), Aldaris Porteris (Latvia), Utenos Porter (Lithuania), Stepan Razin Porter (Russia), Nøgne ø porter (Norway), Neuzeller Kloster-Bräu Neuzeller Porter (Germany), Southampton Imperial Baltic Porter
13A. Dry Stout
13B. Sweet Stout
13C. Oatmeal Stout
13D. Foreign Extra Stout
13E. American Stout
13F. Russian Imperial Stout
14. India Pale Ale (IPA)
Aroma: Coffee-like roasted barley and roasted malt aromas are prominent; may have slight chocolate, cocoa and/or grainy secondary notes. Esters medium-low to none. No diacetyl. Hop aroma low to none.
Appearance: Jet black to deep brown with garnet highlights in color. Can be opaque (if not, it should be clear). A thick, creamy, long-lasting, tan- to brown-colored head is characteristic.
Flavor: Moderate roasted, grainy sharpness, optionally with light to moderate acidic sourness, and medium to high hop bitterness. Dry, coffee-like finish from roasted grains. May have a bittersweet or unsweetened chocolate character in the palate, lasting into the finish. Balancing factors may include some creaminess, medium-low to no fruitiness, and medium to no hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium-full body, with a creamy character. Low to moderate carbonation. For the high hop bitterness and significant proportion of dark grains present, this beer is remarkably smooth. The perception of body can be affected by the overall gravity with smaller beers being lighter in body. May have a light astringency from the roasted grains, although harshness is undesirable.
Overall Impression: A very dark, roasty, bitter, creamy ale.
History: The style evolved from attempts to capitalize on the success of London porters, but originally reflected a fuller, creamier, more “stout” body and strength. When a brewery offered a stout and a porter, the stout was always the stronger beer (it was originally called a “Stout Porter”). Modern versions are brewed from a lower OG and no longer reflect a higher strength than porters.
Comments: This is the draught version of what is otherwise known as Irish stout or Irish dry stout. Bottled versions are typically brewed from a significantly higher OG and may be designated as foreign extra stouts (if sufficiently strong). While most commercial versions rely primarily on roasted barley as the dark grain, others use chocolate malt, black malt or combinations of the three. The level of bitterness is somewhat variable, as is the roasted character and the dryness of the finish; allow for
interpretation by brewers.
Ingredients: The dryness comes from the use of roasted unmalted barley in addition to pale malt, moderate to high hop bitterness, and good attenuation. Flaked unmalted barley may also be used to add creaminess. A small percentage (perhaps 3%) of soured beer is sometimes added for complexity (generally by Guinness only). Water typically has moderate carbonate hardness, although high levels will not give the classic dry finish.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.036 – 1.050
IBUs: 30 – 45
FG: 1.007 – 1.011
SRM: 25 – 40
ABV: 4 – 5%
Commercial Examples: Guinness Draught Stout (also canned), Murphy's Stout, Beamish Stout, O’Hara’s Celtic Stout, Russian River O.V.L. Stout, Three Floyd’s Black Sun Stout, Dorothy Goodbody’s Wholesome Stout, Orkney Dragonhead Stout, Old Dominion Stout, Goose Island Dublin Stout, Brooklyn Dry Stout
Appearance: Jet black to deep brown with garnet highlights in color. Can be opaque (if not, it should be clear). A thick, creamy, long-lasting, tan- to brown-colored head is characteristic.
Flavor: Moderate roasted, grainy sharpness, optionally with light to moderate acidic sourness, and medium to high hop bitterness. Dry, coffee-like finish from roasted grains. May have a bittersweet or unsweetened chocolate character in the palate, lasting into the finish. Balancing factors may include some creaminess, medium-low to no fruitiness, and medium to no hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium-full body, with a creamy character. Low to moderate carbonation. For the high hop bitterness and significant proportion of dark grains present, this beer is remarkably smooth. The perception of body can be affected by the overall gravity with smaller beers being lighter in body. May have a light astringency from the roasted grains, although harshness is undesirable.
Overall Impression: A very dark, roasty, bitter, creamy ale.
History: The style evolved from attempts to capitalize on the success of London porters, but originally reflected a fuller, creamier, more “stout” body and strength. When a brewery offered a stout and a porter, the stout was always the stronger beer (it was originally called a “Stout Porter”). Modern versions are brewed from a lower OG and no longer reflect a higher strength than porters.
Comments: This is the draught version of what is otherwise known as Irish stout or Irish dry stout. Bottled versions are typically brewed from a significantly higher OG and may be designated as foreign extra stouts (if sufficiently strong). While most commercial versions rely primarily on roasted barley as the dark grain, others use chocolate malt, black malt or combinations of the three. The level of bitterness is somewhat variable, as is the roasted character and the dryness of the finish; allow for
interpretation by brewers.
Ingredients: The dryness comes from the use of roasted unmalted barley in addition to pale malt, moderate to high hop bitterness, and good attenuation. Flaked unmalted barley may also be used to add creaminess. A small percentage (perhaps 3%) of soured beer is sometimes added for complexity (generally by Guinness only). Water typically has moderate carbonate hardness, although high levels will not give the classic dry finish.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.036 – 1.050
IBUs: 30 – 45
FG: 1.007 – 1.011
SRM: 25 – 40
ABV: 4 – 5%
Commercial Examples: Guinness Draught Stout (also canned), Murphy's Stout, Beamish Stout, O’Hara’s Celtic Stout, Russian River O.V.L. Stout, Three Floyd’s Black Sun Stout, Dorothy Goodbody’s Wholesome Stout, Orkney Dragonhead Stout, Old Dominion Stout, Goose Island Dublin Stout, Brooklyn Dry Stout
Aroma: Mild roasted grain aroma, sometimes with coffee and/or chocolate notes. An impression of cream-like sweetness often exists. Fruitiness can be low to moderately high. Diacetyl low to none. Hop aroma low to none.
Appearance: Very dark brown to black in color. Can be opaque (if not, it should be clear). Creamy tan to brown head.
Flavor: Dark roasted grains and malts dominate the flavor as in dry stout, and provide coffee and/or chocolate flavors. Hop bitterness is moderate (lower than in dry stout). Medium to high sweetness (often from the addition of lactose) provides a counterpoint to the roasted character and hop bitterness, and lasts into the finish. Low to moderate fruity esters. Diacetyl low to none. The balance between dark grains/malts and sweetness can vary, from quite sweet to moderately dry and somewhat roasty.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full-bodied and creamy. Low to moderate carbonation. High residual sweetness from unfermented sugars enhances the full-tasting mouthfeel.
Overall Impression: A very dark, sweet, full-bodied, slightly roasty ale. Often tastes like sweetened espresso.
History: An English style of stout. Historically known as “Milk” or “Cream” stouts, legally this designation is no longer permitted in England (but is acceptable elsewhere). The “milk” name is derived from the use of lactose, or milk sugar, as a sweetener.
Comments: Gravities are low in England, higher in exported and US products. Variations exist, with the level of residual sweetness, the intensity of the roast character, and the balance between the two being the variables most subject to interpretation.
Ingredients: The sweetness in most Sweet Stouts comes from a lower bitterness level than dry stouts and a high percentage of unfermentable dextrins. Lactose, an unfermentable sugar, is frequently added to provide additional residual sweetness. Base of pale malt, and may use roasted barley, black malt, chocolate malt, crystal malt, and adjuncts such as maize or treacle. High carbonate water is common.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.060
IBUs: 20 – 40
FG: 1.012 – 1.024
SRM: 30 – 40
ABV: 4 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Mackeson's XXX Stout, Watney's Cream Stout, Farson’s Lacto Stout, St. Peter’s Cream Stout, Marston’s Oyster Stout, Sheaf Stout, Hitachino Nest Sweet Stout (Lacto), Samuel Adams Cream Stout, Left Hand Milk Stout, Widmer Snowplow Milk Stout
Appearance: Very dark brown to black in color. Can be opaque (if not, it should be clear). Creamy tan to brown head.
Flavor: Dark roasted grains and malts dominate the flavor as in dry stout, and provide coffee and/or chocolate flavors. Hop bitterness is moderate (lower than in dry stout). Medium to high sweetness (often from the addition of lactose) provides a counterpoint to the roasted character and hop bitterness, and lasts into the finish. Low to moderate fruity esters. Diacetyl low to none. The balance between dark grains/malts and sweetness can vary, from quite sweet to moderately dry and somewhat roasty.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full-bodied and creamy. Low to moderate carbonation. High residual sweetness from unfermented sugars enhances the full-tasting mouthfeel.
Overall Impression: A very dark, sweet, full-bodied, slightly roasty ale. Often tastes like sweetened espresso.
History: An English style of stout. Historically known as “Milk” or “Cream” stouts, legally this designation is no longer permitted in England (but is acceptable elsewhere). The “milk” name is derived from the use of lactose, or milk sugar, as a sweetener.
Comments: Gravities are low in England, higher in exported and US products. Variations exist, with the level of residual sweetness, the intensity of the roast character, and the balance between the two being the variables most subject to interpretation.
Ingredients: The sweetness in most Sweet Stouts comes from a lower bitterness level than dry stouts and a high percentage of unfermentable dextrins. Lactose, an unfermentable sugar, is frequently added to provide additional residual sweetness. Base of pale malt, and may use roasted barley, black malt, chocolate malt, crystal malt, and adjuncts such as maize or treacle. High carbonate water is common.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.060
IBUs: 20 – 40
FG: 1.012 – 1.024
SRM: 30 – 40
ABV: 4 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Mackeson's XXX Stout, Watney's Cream Stout, Farson’s Lacto Stout, St. Peter’s Cream Stout, Marston’s Oyster Stout, Sheaf Stout, Hitachino Nest Sweet Stout (Lacto), Samuel Adams Cream Stout, Left Hand Milk Stout, Widmer Snowplow Milk Stout
Aroma: Mild roasted grain aromas, often with a coffee-like character. A light sweetness can imply a coffee-and-cream impression. Fruitiness should be low to medium. Diacetyl medium-low to none. Hop aroma low to none (UK varieties most common). A light oatmeal aroma is optional.
Appearance: Medium brown to black in color. Thick, creamy, persistent tan- to brown-colored head. Can be opaque (if not, it should be clear).
Flavor: Medium sweet to medium dry palate, with the complexity of oats and dark roasted grains present. Oats can add a nutty, grainy or earthy flavor. Dark grains can combine with malt sweetness to give the impression of milk chocolate or coffee with cream. Medium hop bitterness with the balance toward malt. Diacetyl medium-low to none. Hop flavor medium-low to none.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body, smooth, silky, sometimes an almost oily slickness from the oatmeal. Creamy. Medium to medium-high carbonation.
Overall Impression: A very dark, full-bodied, roasty, malty ale with a complementary oatmeal flavor.
History: An English seasonal variant of sweet stout that is usually less sweet than the original, and relies on oatmeal for body and complexity rather than lactose for body and sweetness.
Comments: Generally between sweet and dry stouts in sweetness. Variations exist, from fairly sweet to quite dry. The level of bitterness also varies, as does the oatmeal impression. Light use of oatmeal may give a certain silkiness of body and richness of flavor, while heavy use of oatmeal can be fairly intense in flavor with an almost oily mouthfeel. When judging, allow for differences in interpretation.
Ingredients: Pale, caramel and dark roasted malts and grains. Oatmeal (5-10%+) used to enhance fullness of body and complexity of flavor. Hops primarily for bittering. Ale yeast. Water source should have some carbonate hardness.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.065
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.018
SRM: 22 – 40
ABV: 4.2 – 5.9%
Commercial Examples: Samuel Smith Oatmeal Stout, Young's Oatmeal Stout, McAuslan Oatmeal Stout, Maclay’s Oat Malt Stout, Broughton Kinmount Willie Oatmeal Stout, Anderson Valley Barney Flats Oatmeal Stout, Tröegs Oatmeal Stout, New Holland The Poet, Goose Island Oatmeal Stout, Wolaver’s Oatmeal Stout
Appearance: Medium brown to black in color. Thick, creamy, persistent tan- to brown-colored head. Can be opaque (if not, it should be clear).
Flavor: Medium sweet to medium dry palate, with the complexity of oats and dark roasted grains present. Oats can add a nutty, grainy or earthy flavor. Dark grains can combine with malt sweetness to give the impression of milk chocolate or coffee with cream. Medium hop bitterness with the balance toward malt. Diacetyl medium-low to none. Hop flavor medium-low to none.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body, smooth, silky, sometimes an almost oily slickness from the oatmeal. Creamy. Medium to medium-high carbonation.
Overall Impression: A very dark, full-bodied, roasty, malty ale with a complementary oatmeal flavor.
History: An English seasonal variant of sweet stout that is usually less sweet than the original, and relies on oatmeal for body and complexity rather than lactose for body and sweetness.
Comments: Generally between sweet and dry stouts in sweetness. Variations exist, from fairly sweet to quite dry. The level of bitterness also varies, as does the oatmeal impression. Light use of oatmeal may give a certain silkiness of body and richness of flavor, while heavy use of oatmeal can be fairly intense in flavor with an almost oily mouthfeel. When judging, allow for differences in interpretation.
Ingredients: Pale, caramel and dark roasted malts and grains. Oatmeal (5-10%+) used to enhance fullness of body and complexity of flavor. Hops primarily for bittering. Ale yeast. Water source should have some carbonate hardness.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.048 – 1.065
IBUs: 25 – 40
FG: 1.010 – 1.018
SRM: 22 – 40
ABV: 4.2 – 5.9%
Commercial Examples: Samuel Smith Oatmeal Stout, Young's Oatmeal Stout, McAuslan Oatmeal Stout, Maclay’s Oat Malt Stout, Broughton Kinmount Willie Oatmeal Stout, Anderson Valley Barney Flats Oatmeal Stout, Tröegs Oatmeal Stout, New Holland The Poet, Goose Island Oatmeal Stout, Wolaver’s Oatmeal Stout
Aroma: Roasted grain aromas moderate to high, and can have coffee, chocolate and/or lightly burnt notes. Fruitiness medium to high. Some versions may have a sweet aroma, or molasses, licorice, dried fruit, and/or vinous aromatics. Stronger versions can have the aroma of alcohol (never sharp, hot, or solventy). Hop aroma low to none. Diacetyl low to none.
Appearance: Very deep brown to black in color. Clarity usually obscured by deep color (if not opaque, should be clear). Large tan to brown head with good retention.
Flavor: Tropical versions can be quite sweet without much roast or bitterness, while export versions can be moderately dry (reflecting impression of a scaled-up version of either sweet stout or dry stout). Roasted grain and malt character can be moderate to high, although sharpness of dry stout will not be present in any example. Tropical versions can have high fruity esters, smooth dark grain flavors, and restrained bitterness; they often have a sweet, rum-like quality. Export versions tend to have lower esters, more assertive roast flavors, and higher bitterness. The roasted flavors of either version may taste of coffee, chocolate, or lightly burnt grain. Little to no hop flavor. Very low to no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body, often with a smooth, creamy character. May give a warming (but never hot) impression from alcohol presence. Moderate to moderately-high carbonation.
Overall Impression: A very dark, moderately strong, roasty ale. Tropical varieties can be quite sweet, while export versions can be drier and fairly robust.
History: Originally high-gravity stouts brewed for tropical markets (and hence, sometimes known as “Tropical Stouts”). Some bottled export (i.e., stronger) versions of dry or sweet stout also fit this profile. Guinness Foreign Extra Stout has been made since the early 1800s.
Comments: A rather broad class of stouts, these can be either fruity and sweet, dry and bitter, or even tinged with Brettanomyces (e.g., Guinness Foreign Extra Stout; this type of beer is best entered as a Specialty Beer – Category 23). Think of the style as either a scaled-up dry and/or sweet stout, or a scaled-down Imperial stout without the late hops. Highly bitter and hoppy versions are best entered as American-style Stouts (13E).
Ingredients: Similar to dry or sweet stout, but with more gravity. Pale and dark roasted malts and grains. Hops mostly for bitterness. May use adjuncts and sugar to boost gravity. Ale yeast (although some tropical stouts are brewed with lager yeast).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.056 – 1.075
IBUs: 30 – 70
FG: 1.010 – 1.018
SRM: 30 – 40
ABV: 5.5 – 8%
Commercial Examples: Tropical-Type: Lion Stout (Sri Lanka), Dragon Stout (Jamaica), ABC Stout (Singapore), Royal Extra “The Lion Stout” (Trinidad), Jamaica Stout (Jamaica), Export-Type: Freeminer Deep Shaft Stout, Guinness Foreign Extra Stout (bottled, not sold in the US), Ridgeway of Oxfordshire Foreign Extra Stout, Coopers Best Extra Stout, Elysian Dragonstooth Stout
Appearance: Very deep brown to black in color. Clarity usually obscured by deep color (if not opaque, should be clear). Large tan to brown head with good retention.
Flavor: Tropical versions can be quite sweet without much roast or bitterness, while export versions can be moderately dry (reflecting impression of a scaled-up version of either sweet stout or dry stout). Roasted grain and malt character can be moderate to high, although sharpness of dry stout will not be present in any example. Tropical versions can have high fruity esters, smooth dark grain flavors, and restrained bitterness; they often have a sweet, rum-like quality. Export versions tend to have lower esters, more assertive roast flavors, and higher bitterness. The roasted flavors of either version may taste of coffee, chocolate, or lightly burnt grain. Little to no hop flavor. Very low to no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body, often with a smooth, creamy character. May give a warming (but never hot) impression from alcohol presence. Moderate to moderately-high carbonation.
Overall Impression: A very dark, moderately strong, roasty ale. Tropical varieties can be quite sweet, while export versions can be drier and fairly robust.
History: Originally high-gravity stouts brewed for tropical markets (and hence, sometimes known as “Tropical Stouts”). Some bottled export (i.e., stronger) versions of dry or sweet stout also fit this profile. Guinness Foreign Extra Stout has been made since the early 1800s.
Comments: A rather broad class of stouts, these can be either fruity and sweet, dry and bitter, or even tinged with Brettanomyces (e.g., Guinness Foreign Extra Stout; this type of beer is best entered as a Specialty Beer – Category 23). Think of the style as either a scaled-up dry and/or sweet stout, or a scaled-down Imperial stout without the late hops. Highly bitter and hoppy versions are best entered as American-style Stouts (13E).
Ingredients: Similar to dry or sweet stout, but with more gravity. Pale and dark roasted malts and grains. Hops mostly for bitterness. May use adjuncts and sugar to boost gravity. Ale yeast (although some tropical stouts are brewed with lager yeast).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.056 – 1.075
IBUs: 30 – 70
FG: 1.010 – 1.018
SRM: 30 – 40
ABV: 5.5 – 8%
Commercial Examples: Tropical-Type: Lion Stout (Sri Lanka), Dragon Stout (Jamaica), ABC Stout (Singapore), Royal Extra “The Lion Stout” (Trinidad), Jamaica Stout (Jamaica), Export-Type: Freeminer Deep Shaft Stout, Guinness Foreign Extra Stout (bottled, not sold in the US), Ridgeway of Oxfordshire Foreign Extra Stout, Coopers Best Extra Stout, Elysian Dragonstooth Stout
Aroma: Moderate to strong aroma of roasted malts, often having a roasted coffee or dark chocolate quality. Burnt or charcoal aromas are low to none. Medium to very low hop aroma, often with a citrusy or resiny American hop character. Esters are optional, but can be present up to medium intensity. Light alcohol-derived aromatics are also optional. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Generally a jet black color, although some may appear very dark brown. Large, persistent head of light tan to light brown in color. Usually opaque.
Flavor: Moderate to very high roasted malt flavors, often tasting of coffee, roasted coffee beans, dark or bittersweet chocolate. May have a slightly burnt coffee ground flavor, but this character should not be prominent if present. Low to medium malt sweetness, often with rich chocolate or caramel flavors. Medium to high bitterness. Hop flavor can be low to high, and generally reflects citrusy or resiny American varieties. Light esters may be present but are not required. Medium to dry finish, occasionally with a light burnt quality. Alcohol flavors can be present up to medium levels, but smooth. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to full body. Can be somewhat creamy, particularly if a small amount of oats have been used to enhance mouthfeel. Can have a bit of roast-derived astringency, but this character should not be excessive. Medium-high to high carbonation. Light to moderately strong alcohol
warmth, but smooth and not excessively hot.
Overall Impression: A hoppy, bitter, strongly roasted Foreign-style Stout (of the export variety).
Comments: Breweries express individuality through varying the roasted malt profile, malt sweetness and flavor, and the amount of finishing hops used. Generally has bolder roasted malt flavors and hopping than other traditional stouts (except Imperial Stouts).
Ingredients: Common American base malts and yeast. Varied use of dark and roasted malts, as well as caramel-type malts. Adjuncts such as oatmeal may be present in low quantities. American hop varieties.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.050 – 1.075
IBUs: 35 – 75
FG: 1.010 – 1.022
SRM: 30 – 40
ABV: 5 – 7%
Commercial Examples: Rogue Shakespeare Stout, Deschutes Obsidian Stout, Sierra Nevada Stout, North Coast Old No. 38, Bar Harbor Cadillac Mountain Stout, Avery Out of Bounds Stout, Lost Coast 8 Ball Stout, Mad River Steelhead Extra Stout
Appearance: Generally a jet black color, although some may appear very dark brown. Large, persistent head of light tan to light brown in color. Usually opaque.
Flavor: Moderate to very high roasted malt flavors, often tasting of coffee, roasted coffee beans, dark or bittersweet chocolate. May have a slightly burnt coffee ground flavor, but this character should not be prominent if present. Low to medium malt sweetness, often with rich chocolate or caramel flavors. Medium to high bitterness. Hop flavor can be low to high, and generally reflects citrusy or resiny American varieties. Light esters may be present but are not required. Medium to dry finish, occasionally with a light burnt quality. Alcohol flavors can be present up to medium levels, but smooth. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to full body. Can be somewhat creamy, particularly if a small amount of oats have been used to enhance mouthfeel. Can have a bit of roast-derived astringency, but this character should not be excessive. Medium-high to high carbonation. Light to moderately strong alcohol
warmth, but smooth and not excessively hot.
Overall Impression: A hoppy, bitter, strongly roasted Foreign-style Stout (of the export variety).
Comments: Breweries express individuality through varying the roasted malt profile, malt sweetness and flavor, and the amount of finishing hops used. Generally has bolder roasted malt flavors and hopping than other traditional stouts (except Imperial Stouts).
Ingredients: Common American base malts and yeast. Varied use of dark and roasted malts, as well as caramel-type malts. Adjuncts such as oatmeal may be present in low quantities. American hop varieties.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.050 – 1.075
IBUs: 35 – 75
FG: 1.010 – 1.022
SRM: 30 – 40
ABV: 5 – 7%
Commercial Examples: Rogue Shakespeare Stout, Deschutes Obsidian Stout, Sierra Nevada Stout, North Coast Old No. 38, Bar Harbor Cadillac Mountain Stout, Avery Out of Bounds Stout, Lost Coast 8 Ball Stout, Mad River Steelhead Extra Stout
Aroma: Rich and complex, with variable amounts of roasted grains, maltiness, fruity esters, hops, and alcohol. The roasted malt character can take on coffee, dark chocolate, or slightly burnt tones and can be light to moderately strong. The malt aroma can be subtle to rich and barleywine-like, depending on the gravity and grain bill. May optionally show a slight specialty malt character (e.g., caramel), but this should only add complexity and not dominate. Fruity esters may be low to moderately strong, and may take on a complex, dark fruit (e.g., plums, prunes, raisins) character. Hop aroma can be very low to quite aggressive, and may contain any hop variety. An alcohol character may be present, but shouldn’t be sharp, hot or solventy. Aged versions may have a slight vinous or port-like quality, but shouldn’t be sour. No diacetyl. The balance can vary with any of the aroma elements taking center stage. Not all possible aromas described need be present; many interpretations are possible. Aging affects the intensity, balance and smoothness of aromatics.
Appearance: Color may range from very dark reddish-brown to jet black. Opaque. Deep tan to dark brown head. Generally has a well-formed head, although head retention may be low to moderate. High alcohol and viscosity may be visible in “legs” when beer is swirled in a glass.
Flavor: Rich, deep, complex and frequently quite intense, with variable amounts of roasted malt/grains, maltiness, fruity esters, hop bitterness and flavor, and alcohol. Medium to aggressively high bitterness. Medium-low to high hop flavor (any variety). Moderate to aggressively high roasted malt/grain flavors can suggest bittersweet or unsweetened chocolate, cocoa, and/or strong coffee. A slightly burnt grain, burnt currant or tarry character may be evident. Fruity esters may be low to intense, and can take on a dark fruit character (raisins, plums, or prunes). Malt backbone can be balanced and supportive to rich and barleywine-like, and may optionally show some supporting caramel, bready or toasty flavors. Alcohol strength should be evident, but not hot, sharp, or solventy. No diacetyl. The palate and finish can vary from relatively dry to moderately sweet, usually with some lingering roastiness, hop bitterness and warming character. The balance and intensity of flavors can be affected by aging, with some flavors becoming more subdued over time and some aged, vinous or port-like qualities developing.
Mouthfeel: Full to very full-bodied and chewy, with a velvety, luscious texture (although the body may decline with long conditioning). Gentle smooth warmth from alcohol should be present and noticeable. Should not be syrupy and under-attenuated. Carbonation may be low to moderate, depending on age and conditioning.
Overall Impression: An intensely flavored, big, dark ale. Roasty, fruity, and bittersweet, with a noticeable alcohol presence. Dark fruit flavors meld with roasty, burnt, or almost tar-like sensations. Like a black barleywine with every dimension of flavor coming into play.
History: Brewed to high gravity and hopping level in England for export to the Baltic States and Russia. Said to be popular with the Russian Imperial Court. Today is even more popular with American craft brewers, who have extended the style with unique American characteristics.
Comments: Variations exist, with English and American interpretations (predictably, the American versions have more bitterness, roasted character, and finishing hops, while the English varieties reflect a more complex specialty malt character and a more forward ester profile). The wide range of allowable characteristics allow for maximum brewer creativity.
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt, with generous quantities of roasted malts and/or grain. May have a complex grain bill using virtually any variety of malt. Any type of hops may be used. Alkaline water balances the abundance of acidic roasted grain in the grist. American or English ale yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.075 – 1.115
IBUs: 50 – 90
FG: 1.018 – 1.030
SRM: 30 – 40
ABV: 8 – 12%
Commercial Examples: Three Floyd’s Dark Lord, Bell’s Expedition Stout, North Coast Old Rasputin Imperial Stout, Stone Imperial Stout, Samuel Smith Imperial Stout, Scotch Irish Tsarina Katarina Imperial Stout, Thirsty Dog Siberian Night, Deschutes The Abyss, Great Divide Yeti, Southampton Russian Imperial Stout, Rogue Imperial Stout, Bear Republic Big Bear Black Stout, Great Lakes Blackout Stout, Avery The Czar, Founders Imperial Stout, Victory Storm King, Brooklyn Black Chocolate Stout
Appearance: Color may range from very dark reddish-brown to jet black. Opaque. Deep tan to dark brown head. Generally has a well-formed head, although head retention may be low to moderate. High alcohol and viscosity may be visible in “legs” when beer is swirled in a glass.
Flavor: Rich, deep, complex and frequently quite intense, with variable amounts of roasted malt/grains, maltiness, fruity esters, hop bitterness and flavor, and alcohol. Medium to aggressively high bitterness. Medium-low to high hop flavor (any variety). Moderate to aggressively high roasted malt/grain flavors can suggest bittersweet or unsweetened chocolate, cocoa, and/or strong coffee. A slightly burnt grain, burnt currant or tarry character may be evident. Fruity esters may be low to intense, and can take on a dark fruit character (raisins, plums, or prunes). Malt backbone can be balanced and supportive to rich and barleywine-like, and may optionally show some supporting caramel, bready or toasty flavors. Alcohol strength should be evident, but not hot, sharp, or solventy. No diacetyl. The palate and finish can vary from relatively dry to moderately sweet, usually with some lingering roastiness, hop bitterness and warming character. The balance and intensity of flavors can be affected by aging, with some flavors becoming more subdued over time and some aged, vinous or port-like qualities developing.
Mouthfeel: Full to very full-bodied and chewy, with a velvety, luscious texture (although the body may decline with long conditioning). Gentle smooth warmth from alcohol should be present and noticeable. Should not be syrupy and under-attenuated. Carbonation may be low to moderate, depending on age and conditioning.
Overall Impression: An intensely flavored, big, dark ale. Roasty, fruity, and bittersweet, with a noticeable alcohol presence. Dark fruit flavors meld with roasty, burnt, or almost tar-like sensations. Like a black barleywine with every dimension of flavor coming into play.
History: Brewed to high gravity and hopping level in England for export to the Baltic States and Russia. Said to be popular with the Russian Imperial Court. Today is even more popular with American craft brewers, who have extended the style with unique American characteristics.
Comments: Variations exist, with English and American interpretations (predictably, the American versions have more bitterness, roasted character, and finishing hops, while the English varieties reflect a more complex specialty malt character and a more forward ester profile). The wide range of allowable characteristics allow for maximum brewer creativity.
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt, with generous quantities of roasted malts and/or grain. May have a complex grain bill using virtually any variety of malt. Any type of hops may be used. Alkaline water balances the abundance of acidic roasted grain in the grist. American or English ale yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.075 – 1.115
IBUs: 50 – 90
FG: 1.018 – 1.030
SRM: 30 – 40
ABV: 8 – 12%
Commercial Examples: Three Floyd’s Dark Lord, Bell’s Expedition Stout, North Coast Old Rasputin Imperial Stout, Stone Imperial Stout, Samuel Smith Imperial Stout, Scotch Irish Tsarina Katarina Imperial Stout, Thirsty Dog Siberian Night, Deschutes The Abyss, Great Divide Yeti, Southampton Russian Imperial Stout, Rogue Imperial Stout, Bear Republic Big Bear Black Stout, Great Lakes Blackout Stout, Avery The Czar, Founders Imperial Stout, Victory Storm King, Brooklyn Black Chocolate Stout
14A. English IPA
14B. American IPA
14C. Imperial IPA
15. German Wheat and Rye Beer
Aroma: A moderate to moderately high hop aroma of floral, earthy or fruity nature is typical, although the intensity of hop character is usually lower than American versions. A slightly grassy dry-hop aroma is acceptable, but not required. A moderate caramel-like or toasty malt presence is common. Low to moderate fruitiness, either from esters or hops, can be present. Some versions may have a sulfury note, although this character is not mandatory.
Appearance: Color ranges from golden amber to light copper, but most are pale to medium amber with an orange-ish tint. Should be clear, although unfiltered dry-hopped versions may be a bit hazy. Good head stand with off-white color should persist.
Flavor: Hop flavor is medium to high, with a moderate to assertive hop bitterness. The hop flavor should be similar to the aroma (floral, earthy, fruity, and/or slightly grassy). Malt flavor should be medium-low to medium-high, but should be noticeable, pleasant, and support the hop aspect. The malt should show an English character and be somewhat bready, biscuit-like, toasty, toffee-like and/or caramelly. Despite the substantial hop character typical of these beers, sufficient malt flavor, body and complexity to support the hops will provide the best balance. Very low levels of diacetyl are acceptable, and fruitiness from the fermentation or hops adds to the overall complexity. Finish is medium to dry, and bitterness may linger into the aftertaste but should not be harsh. If high sulfate water is used, a distinctively minerally, dry finish, some sulfur flavor, and a lingering bitterness are usually present. Some clean alcohol flavor can be noted in stronger versions. Oak is inappropriate in this style.
Mouthfeel: Smooth, medium-light to medium-bodied mouthfeel without hop-derived astringency, although moderate to medium-high carbonation can combine to render an overall dry sensation in the presence of malt sweetness. Some smooth alcohol warming can and should be sensed in stronger (but not all) versions.
Overall Impression: A hoppy, moderately strong pale ale that features characteristics consistent with the use of English malt, hops and yeast. Has less hop character and a more pronounced malt flavor than American versions.
History: Brewed to survive the voyage from England to India. The temperature extremes and rolling of the seas resulted in a highly attenuated beer upon arrival. English pale ales were derived from India Pale Ales.
Comments: A pale ale brewed to an increased gravity and hop rate. Modern versions of English IPAs generally pale in comparison (pun intended) to their ancestors. The term “IPA” is loosely applied in commercial English beers today, and has been (incorrectly) used in beers below 4% ABV. Generally will have more finish hops and less fruitiness and/or caramel than English pale ales and bitters. Fresher versions will obviously have a more significant finishing hop character.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt (well-modified and suitable for single-temperature infusion mashing); English hops; English yeast that can give a fruity or sulfury/minerally profile. Refined sugar may be used in some versions. High sulfate and low carbonate water is essential to achieving a pleasant hop bitterness in authentic Burton versions, although not all examples will exhibit the strong sulfate character.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.050 – 1.075
IBUs: 40 – 60
FG: 1.010 – 1.018
SRM: 8 – 14
ABV: 5 – 7.5%
Commercial Examples: Meantime India Pale Ale, Freeminer Trafalgar IPA, Fuller's IPA, Ridgeway Bad Elf, Summit India Pale Ale, Samuel Smith's India Ale, Hampshire Pride of Romsey IPA, Burton Bridge Empire IPA,Middle Ages ImPailed Ale, Goose Island IPA, Brooklyn East India Pale Ale
Appearance: Color ranges from golden amber to light copper, but most are pale to medium amber with an orange-ish tint. Should be clear, although unfiltered dry-hopped versions may be a bit hazy. Good head stand with off-white color should persist.
Flavor: Hop flavor is medium to high, with a moderate to assertive hop bitterness. The hop flavor should be similar to the aroma (floral, earthy, fruity, and/or slightly grassy). Malt flavor should be medium-low to medium-high, but should be noticeable, pleasant, and support the hop aspect. The malt should show an English character and be somewhat bready, biscuit-like, toasty, toffee-like and/or caramelly. Despite the substantial hop character typical of these beers, sufficient malt flavor, body and complexity to support the hops will provide the best balance. Very low levels of diacetyl are acceptable, and fruitiness from the fermentation or hops adds to the overall complexity. Finish is medium to dry, and bitterness may linger into the aftertaste but should not be harsh. If high sulfate water is used, a distinctively minerally, dry finish, some sulfur flavor, and a lingering bitterness are usually present. Some clean alcohol flavor can be noted in stronger versions. Oak is inappropriate in this style.
Mouthfeel: Smooth, medium-light to medium-bodied mouthfeel without hop-derived astringency, although moderate to medium-high carbonation can combine to render an overall dry sensation in the presence of malt sweetness. Some smooth alcohol warming can and should be sensed in stronger (but not all) versions.
Overall Impression: A hoppy, moderately strong pale ale that features characteristics consistent with the use of English malt, hops and yeast. Has less hop character and a more pronounced malt flavor than American versions.
History: Brewed to survive the voyage from England to India. The temperature extremes and rolling of the seas resulted in a highly attenuated beer upon arrival. English pale ales were derived from India Pale Ales.
Comments: A pale ale brewed to an increased gravity and hop rate. Modern versions of English IPAs generally pale in comparison (pun intended) to their ancestors. The term “IPA” is loosely applied in commercial English beers today, and has been (incorrectly) used in beers below 4% ABV. Generally will have more finish hops and less fruitiness and/or caramel than English pale ales and bitters. Fresher versions will obviously have a more significant finishing hop character.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt (well-modified and suitable for single-temperature infusion mashing); English hops; English yeast that can give a fruity or sulfury/minerally profile. Refined sugar may be used in some versions. High sulfate and low carbonate water is essential to achieving a pleasant hop bitterness in authentic Burton versions, although not all examples will exhibit the strong sulfate character.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.050 – 1.075
IBUs: 40 – 60
FG: 1.010 – 1.018
SRM: 8 – 14
ABV: 5 – 7.5%
Commercial Examples: Meantime India Pale Ale, Freeminer Trafalgar IPA, Fuller's IPA, Ridgeway Bad Elf, Summit India Pale Ale, Samuel Smith's India Ale, Hampshire Pride of Romsey IPA, Burton Bridge Empire IPA,Middle Ages ImPailed Ale, Goose Island IPA, Brooklyn East India Pale Ale
Aroma: A prominent to intense hop aroma with a citrusy, floral, perfume-like, resinous, piney, and/or fruity character derived from American hops. Many versions are dry hopped and can have an additional grassy aroma, although this is not required. Some clean malty sweetness may be found in the background, but should be at a lower level than in English examples. Fruitiness, either from esters or hops, may also be detected in some versions, although a neutral fermentation character is also acceptable. Some alcohol may be noted.
Appearance: Color ranges from medium gold to medium reddish copper; some versions can have an orange-ish tint. Should be clear, although unfiltered dry-hopped versions may be a bit hazy. Good head stand with white to off-white color should persist.
Flavor: Hop flavor is medium to high, and should reflect an American hop character with citrusy, floral, resinous, piney or fruity aspects. Medium-high to very high hop bitterness, although the malt backbone will support the strong hop character and provide the best balance. Malt flavor should be low to medium, and is generally clean and malty sweet although some caramel or toasty flavors are acceptable at low levels. No diacetyl. Low fruitiness is acceptable but not required. The bitterness may linger into the aftertaste but should not be harsh. Medium-dry to dry finish. Some clean alcohol flavor can be noted in stronger versions. Oak is inappropriate in this style. May be slightly sulfury, but most examples do not exhibit this character.
Mouthfeel: Smooth, medium-light to medium-bodied mouthfeel without hop-derived astringency, although moderate to medium-high carbonation can combine to render an overall dry sensation in the presence of malt sweetness. Some smooth alcohol warming can and should be sensed in stronger (but not all) versions. Body is generally less than in English counterparts.
Overall Impression: A decidedly hoppy and bitter, moderately strong American pale ale.
History: An American version of the historical English style, brewed using American ingredients and attitude.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt (well-modified and suitable for single-temperature infusion mashing); American hops; American yeast that can give a clean or slightly fruity profile. Generally all-malt, but mashed at lower temperatures for high attenuation. Water character varies from soft to moderately sulfate. Versions with a noticeable Rye character (“RyePA”) should be entered in the Specialty category.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.056 – 1.075
IBUs: 40 – 70
FG: 1.010 – 1.018
SRM: 6 – 15
ABV: 5.5 – 7.5%
Commercial Examples: Bell’s Two-Hearted Ale, AleSmith IPA, Russian River Blind Pig IPA, Stone IPA, Three Floyds Alpha King, Great Divide Titan IPA, Bear Republic Racer 5 IPA, Victory Hop Devil, Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale, Anderson Valley Hop Ottin’, Dogfish Head 60 Minute IPA, Founder’s Centennial IPA, Anchor Liberty Ale, Harpoon IPA, Avery IPA
Appearance: Color ranges from medium gold to medium reddish copper; some versions can have an orange-ish tint. Should be clear, although unfiltered dry-hopped versions may be a bit hazy. Good head stand with white to off-white color should persist.
Flavor: Hop flavor is medium to high, and should reflect an American hop character with citrusy, floral, resinous, piney or fruity aspects. Medium-high to very high hop bitterness, although the malt backbone will support the strong hop character and provide the best balance. Malt flavor should be low to medium, and is generally clean and malty sweet although some caramel or toasty flavors are acceptable at low levels. No diacetyl. Low fruitiness is acceptable but not required. The bitterness may linger into the aftertaste but should not be harsh. Medium-dry to dry finish. Some clean alcohol flavor can be noted in stronger versions. Oak is inappropriate in this style. May be slightly sulfury, but most examples do not exhibit this character.
Mouthfeel: Smooth, medium-light to medium-bodied mouthfeel without hop-derived astringency, although moderate to medium-high carbonation can combine to render an overall dry sensation in the presence of malt sweetness. Some smooth alcohol warming can and should be sensed in stronger (but not all) versions. Body is generally less than in English counterparts.
Overall Impression: A decidedly hoppy and bitter, moderately strong American pale ale.
History: An American version of the historical English style, brewed using American ingredients and attitude.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt (well-modified and suitable for single-temperature infusion mashing); American hops; American yeast that can give a clean or slightly fruity profile. Generally all-malt, but mashed at lower temperatures for high attenuation. Water character varies from soft to moderately sulfate. Versions with a noticeable Rye character (“RyePA”) should be entered in the Specialty category.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.056 – 1.075
IBUs: 40 – 70
FG: 1.010 – 1.018
SRM: 6 – 15
ABV: 5.5 – 7.5%
Commercial Examples: Bell’s Two-Hearted Ale, AleSmith IPA, Russian River Blind Pig IPA, Stone IPA, Three Floyds Alpha King, Great Divide Titan IPA, Bear Republic Racer 5 IPA, Victory Hop Devil, Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale, Anderson Valley Hop Ottin’, Dogfish Head 60 Minute IPA, Founder’s Centennial IPA, Anchor Liberty Ale, Harpoon IPA, Avery IPA
Aroma: A prominent to intense hop aroma that can be derived from American, English and/or noble varieties (although a citrusy hop character is almost always present). Most versions are dry hopped and can have an additional resinous or grassy aroma, although this is not absolutely required. Some clean malty sweetness may be found in the background. Fruitiness, either from esters or hops, may also be detected in some versions, although a neutral fermentation character is typical. Some alcohol can usually be noted, but it should not have a “hot” character.
Appearance: Color ranges from golden amber to medium reddish copper; some versions can have an orange-ish tint. Should be clear, although unfiltered dry-hopped versions may be a bit hazy. Good head stand with off-white color should persist.
Flavor: Hop flavor is strong and complex, and can reflect the use of American, English and/or noble hop varieties. High to absurdly high hop bitterness, although the malt backbone will generally support the strong hop character and provide the best balance. Malt flavor should be low to medium, and is generally clean and malty although some caramel or toasty flavors are acceptable at low levels. No diacetyl. Low fruitiness is acceptable but not required. A long, lingering bitterness is usually present in the aftertaste but should not be harsh. Medium-dry to dry finish. A clean, smooth alcohol flavor is usually present. Oak is inappropriate in this style. May be slightly sulfury, but most examples do not exhibit this character.
Mouthfeel: Smooth, medium-light to medium body. No harsh hop-derived astringency, although moderate to medium-high carbonation can combine to render an overall dry sensation in the presence of malt sweetness. Smooth alcohol warming.
Overall Impression: An intensely hoppy, very strong pale ale without the big maltiness and/or deeper malt flavors of an American barleywine. Strongly hopped, but clean, lacking harshness, and a tribute to historical IPAs. Drinkability is an important characteristic; this should not be a heavy, sipping beer. It should also not have much residual sweetness or a heavy character grain profile.
History: A recent American innovation reflecting the trend of American craft brewers “pushing the envelope” to satisfy the need of hop aficionados for increasingly intense products. The adjective “Imperial” is arbitrary and simply implies a stronger version of an IPA; “double,” “extra,” “extreme,” or any other variety of adjectives would be equally valid.
Comments: Bigger than either an English or American IPA in both alcohol strength and overall hop level (bittering and finish). Less malty, lower body, less rich and a greater overall hop intensity than an American Barleywine. Typically not as high in gravity/alcohol as a barleywine, since high alcohol and malt tend to limit drinkability. A showcase for hops.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt (well-modified and suitable for single-temperature infusion mashing); can use a complex variety of hops (English, American, noble). American yeast that can give a clean or slightly fruity profile. Generally all-malt, but mashed at lower temperatures for high attenuation. Water character varies from soft to moderately sulfate.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.070 – 1.090
IBUs: 60 – 120
FG: 1.010 – 1.020
SRM: 8 – 15
ABV: 7.5 – 10%
Commercial Examples: Russian River Pliny the Elder, Three Floyd’s Dreadnaught, Avery Majaraja, Bell’s Hop Slam, Stone Ruination IPA, Great Divide Hercules Double IPA, Surly Furious, Rogue I2PA, Moylan’s Hopsickle Imperial India Pale Ale, Stoudt’s Double IPA, Dogfish Head 90-minute IPA, Victory Hop Wallop
Appearance: Color ranges from golden amber to medium reddish copper; some versions can have an orange-ish tint. Should be clear, although unfiltered dry-hopped versions may be a bit hazy. Good head stand with off-white color should persist.
Flavor: Hop flavor is strong and complex, and can reflect the use of American, English and/or noble hop varieties. High to absurdly high hop bitterness, although the malt backbone will generally support the strong hop character and provide the best balance. Malt flavor should be low to medium, and is generally clean and malty although some caramel or toasty flavors are acceptable at low levels. No diacetyl. Low fruitiness is acceptable but not required. A long, lingering bitterness is usually present in the aftertaste but should not be harsh. Medium-dry to dry finish. A clean, smooth alcohol flavor is usually present. Oak is inappropriate in this style. May be slightly sulfury, but most examples do not exhibit this character.
Mouthfeel: Smooth, medium-light to medium body. No harsh hop-derived astringency, although moderate to medium-high carbonation can combine to render an overall dry sensation in the presence of malt sweetness. Smooth alcohol warming.
Overall Impression: An intensely hoppy, very strong pale ale without the big maltiness and/or deeper malt flavors of an American barleywine. Strongly hopped, but clean, lacking harshness, and a tribute to historical IPAs. Drinkability is an important characteristic; this should not be a heavy, sipping beer. It should also not have much residual sweetness or a heavy character grain profile.
History: A recent American innovation reflecting the trend of American craft brewers “pushing the envelope” to satisfy the need of hop aficionados for increasingly intense products. The adjective “Imperial” is arbitrary and simply implies a stronger version of an IPA; “double,” “extra,” “extreme,” or any other variety of adjectives would be equally valid.
Comments: Bigger than either an English or American IPA in both alcohol strength and overall hop level (bittering and finish). Less malty, lower body, less rich and a greater overall hop intensity than an American Barleywine. Typically not as high in gravity/alcohol as a barleywine, since high alcohol and malt tend to limit drinkability. A showcase for hops.
Ingredients: Pale ale malt (well-modified and suitable for single-temperature infusion mashing); can use a complex variety of hops (English, American, noble). American yeast that can give a clean or slightly fruity profile. Generally all-malt, but mashed at lower temperatures for high attenuation. Water character varies from soft to moderately sulfate.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.070 – 1.090
IBUs: 60 – 120
FG: 1.010 – 1.020
SRM: 8 – 15
ABV: 7.5 – 10%
Commercial Examples: Russian River Pliny the Elder, Three Floyd’s Dreadnaught, Avery Majaraja, Bell’s Hop Slam, Stone Ruination IPA, Great Divide Hercules Double IPA, Surly Furious, Rogue I2PA, Moylan’s Hopsickle Imperial India Pale Ale, Stoudt’s Double IPA, Dogfish Head 90-minute IPA, Victory Hop Wallop
15A. Weizen/Weissbier
15B. Dunkelweizen
15C. Weizenbock
15D. Roggenbier (German Rye Beer)
16. Belgian and French Ale
Aroma: Moderate to strong phenols (usually clove) and fruity esters (usually banana). The balance and intensity of the phenol and ester components can vary but the best examples are reasonably balanced and fairly prominent. Noble hop character ranges from low to none. A light to moderate wheat aroma (which might be perceived as bready or grainy) may be present but other malt characteristics should not. No diacetyl or DMS. Optional, but acceptable, aromatics can include a light, citrusy tartness, a light to moderate vanilla character, and/or a low bubblegum aroma. None of these optional characteristics should be high or dominant, but often can add to the complexity and balance.
Appearance: Pale straw to very dark gold in color. A very thick, moussy, long-lasting white head is characteristic. The high protein content of wheat impairs clarity in an unfiltered beer, although the level of haze iis somewhat variable. A beer “mit hefe” is also cloudy from suspended yeast sediment (which should be roused before drinking). The filtered Krystal version has no yeast and is brilliantly clear.
Flavor: Low to moderately strong banana and clove flavor. The balance and intensity of the phenol and ester components can vary but the best examples are reasonably balanced and fairly prominent. Optionally, a very light to moderate vanilla character and/or low bubblegum notes can accentuate the banana flavor, sweetness and roundness; neither should be dominant if present. The soft, somewhat bready or grainy flavor of wheat is complementary, as is a slightly sweet Pils malt character. Hop flavor is very low to none, and hop bitterness is very low to moderately low. A tart, citrusy character from yeast and high carbonation is often present. Well rounded, flavorful palate with a relatively dry finish. No diacetyl or
DMS.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body; never heavy. Suspended yeast may increase the perception of body. The texture of wheat imparts the sensation of a fluffy, creamy fullness that may progress to a light, spritzy finish aided by high carbonation. Always effervescent.
Overall Impression: A pale, spicy, fruity, refreshing wheatbased ale.
History: A traditional wheat-based ale originating in Southern Germany that is a specialty for summer consumption, but generally produced year-round.
Comments: These are refreshing, fast-maturing beers that are lightly hopped and show a unique banana-and-clove yeast character. These beers often don’t age well and are best enjoyed while young and fresh. The version “mit hefe” is served with yeast sediment stirred in; the krystal version is filtered for excellent clarity. Bottles with yeast are traditionally swirled or gently rolled prior to serving. The character of a krystal weizen is generally fruitier and less phenolic than that of the
hefe-weizen.
Ingredients: By German law, at least 50% of the grist must be malted wheat, although some versions use up to 70%; the remainder is Pilsner malt. A traditional decoction mash gives the appropriate body without cloying sweetness. Weizen ale yeasts produce the typical spicy and fruity character, although extreme fermentation temperatures can affect the balance and produce off-flavors. A small amount of noble hops are used
only for bitterness.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.052
IBUs: 8 – 15
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 2 – 8
ABV: 4.3 – 5.6%
Commercial Examples: Weihenstephaner Hefeweissbier, Schneider Weisse Weizenhell, Paulaner Hefe-Weizen, Hacker-Pschorr Weisse, Plank Bavarian Hefeweizen, Ayinger Bräu Weisse, Ettaler Weissbier Hell, Franziskaner Hefe-Weisse, Andechser Weissbier Hefetrüb, Kapuziner Weissbier, Erdinger Weissbier, Penn Weizen, Barrelhouse Hocking Hills Hefe-Weizen, Eisenbahn Weizenbier
Appearance: Pale straw to very dark gold in color. A very thick, moussy, long-lasting white head is characteristic. The high protein content of wheat impairs clarity in an unfiltered beer, although the level of haze iis somewhat variable. A beer “mit hefe” is also cloudy from suspended yeast sediment (which should be roused before drinking). The filtered Krystal version has no yeast and is brilliantly clear.
Flavor: Low to moderately strong banana and clove flavor. The balance and intensity of the phenol and ester components can vary but the best examples are reasonably balanced and fairly prominent. Optionally, a very light to moderate vanilla character and/or low bubblegum notes can accentuate the banana flavor, sweetness and roundness; neither should be dominant if present. The soft, somewhat bready or grainy flavor of wheat is complementary, as is a slightly sweet Pils malt character. Hop flavor is very low to none, and hop bitterness is very low to moderately low. A tart, citrusy character from yeast and high carbonation is often present. Well rounded, flavorful palate with a relatively dry finish. No diacetyl or
DMS.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body; never heavy. Suspended yeast may increase the perception of body. The texture of wheat imparts the sensation of a fluffy, creamy fullness that may progress to a light, spritzy finish aided by high carbonation. Always effervescent.
Overall Impression: A pale, spicy, fruity, refreshing wheatbased ale.
History: A traditional wheat-based ale originating in Southern Germany that is a specialty for summer consumption, but generally produced year-round.
Comments: These are refreshing, fast-maturing beers that are lightly hopped and show a unique banana-and-clove yeast character. These beers often don’t age well and are best enjoyed while young and fresh. The version “mit hefe” is served with yeast sediment stirred in; the krystal version is filtered for excellent clarity. Bottles with yeast are traditionally swirled or gently rolled prior to serving. The character of a krystal weizen is generally fruitier and less phenolic than that of the
hefe-weizen.
Ingredients: By German law, at least 50% of the grist must be malted wheat, although some versions use up to 70%; the remainder is Pilsner malt. A traditional decoction mash gives the appropriate body without cloying sweetness. Weizen ale yeasts produce the typical spicy and fruity character, although extreme fermentation temperatures can affect the balance and produce off-flavors. A small amount of noble hops are used
only for bitterness.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.052
IBUs: 8 – 15
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 2 – 8
ABV: 4.3 – 5.6%
Commercial Examples: Weihenstephaner Hefeweissbier, Schneider Weisse Weizenhell, Paulaner Hefe-Weizen, Hacker-Pschorr Weisse, Plank Bavarian Hefeweizen, Ayinger Bräu Weisse, Ettaler Weissbier Hell, Franziskaner Hefe-Weisse, Andechser Weissbier Hefetrüb, Kapuziner Weissbier, Erdinger Weissbier, Penn Weizen, Barrelhouse Hocking Hills Hefe-Weizen, Eisenbahn Weizenbier
Aroma: Moderate to strong phenols (usually clove) and fruity esters (usually banana). The balance and intensity of the phenol and ester components can vary but the best examples are reasonably balanced and fairly prominent. Optionally, a low to moderate vanilla character and/or low bubblegum notes may be present, but should not dominate. Noble hop character ranges from low to none. A light to moderate wheat aroma (which might be perceived as bready or grainy) may be present and is often accompanied by a caramel, bread crust, or richer malt aroma (e.g., from Vienna and/or Munich malt). Any malt character is supportive and does not overpower the yeast character. No diacetyl or DMS. A light tartness is optional but acceptable.
Appearance: Light copper to mahogany brown in color. A very thick, moussy, long-lasting off-white head is characteristic. The high protein content of wheat impairs clarity in this traditionally unfiltered style, although the level of haze is somewhat variable. The suspended yeast sediment (which should be roused before drinking) also contributes to the cloudiness.
Flavor: Low to moderately strong banana and clove flavor. The balance and intensity of the phenol and ester components can vary but the best examples are reasonably balanced and fairly prominent. Optionally, a very light to moderate vanilla character and/or low bubblegum notes can accentuate the banana flavor, sweetness and roundness; neither should be dominant if present. The soft, somewhat bready or grainy flavor of wheat is complementary, as is a richer caramel and/or melanoidin character from Munich and/or Vienna malt. The malty richness can be low to medium-high, but shouldn’t overpower the yeast character. A roasted malt character is inappropriate. Hop flavor is very low to none, and hop bitterness is very low to low. A tart, citrusy character from yeast and high carbonation is sometimes present, but typically muted. Well rounded, flavorful, often somewhat sweet palate with a relatively dry finish. No diacetyl or DMS.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium-full body. The texture of wheat as well as yeast in suspension imparts the sensation of a fluffy, creamy fullness that may progress to a lighter finish, aided by moderate to high carbonation. The presence of Munich and/or Vienna malts also provide an additional sense of richness and fullness. Effervescent.
Overall Impression: A moderately dark, spicy, fruity, malty, refreshing wheat-based ale. Reflecting the best yeast and wheat character of a hefeweizen blended with the malty richness of a Munich dunkel.
History: Old-fashioned Bavarian wheat beer was often dark. In the 1950s and 1960s, wheat beers did not have a youthful image, since most older people drank them for their healthgiving qualities. Today, the lighter hefeweizen is more common.
Comments: The presence of Munich and/or Vienna-type barley malts gives this style a deep, rich barley malt character not found in a hefeweizen. Bottles with yeast are traditionally swirled or gently rolled prior to serving.
Ingredients: By German law, at least 50% of the grist must be malted wheat, although some versions use up to 70%; the remainder is usually Munich and/or Vienna malt. A traditional decoction mash gives the appropriate body without cloying sweetness. Weizen ale yeasts produce the typical spicy and fruity character, although extreme fermentation temperatures can affect the balance and produce off-flavors. A small amount of noble hops are used only for bitterness.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.056
IBUs: 10 – 18
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 14 – 23
ABV: 4.3 – 5.6%
Commercial Examples: Weihenstephaner Hefeweissbier Dunkel, Ayinger Ur-Weisse, Franziskaner Dunkel Hefe-Weisse, Schneider Weisse (Original), Ettaler Weissbier Dunkel, Hacker-Pschorr Weisse Dark, Tucher Dunkles Hefe Weizen, Edelweiss Dunkel Weissbier, Erdinger Weissbier Dunkel, Kapuziner
Weissbier Schwarz
Appearance: Light copper to mahogany brown in color. A very thick, moussy, long-lasting off-white head is characteristic. The high protein content of wheat impairs clarity in this traditionally unfiltered style, although the level of haze is somewhat variable. The suspended yeast sediment (which should be roused before drinking) also contributes to the cloudiness.
Flavor: Low to moderately strong banana and clove flavor. The balance and intensity of the phenol and ester components can vary but the best examples are reasonably balanced and fairly prominent. Optionally, a very light to moderate vanilla character and/or low bubblegum notes can accentuate the banana flavor, sweetness and roundness; neither should be dominant if present. The soft, somewhat bready or grainy flavor of wheat is complementary, as is a richer caramel and/or melanoidin character from Munich and/or Vienna malt. The malty richness can be low to medium-high, but shouldn’t overpower the yeast character. A roasted malt character is inappropriate. Hop flavor is very low to none, and hop bitterness is very low to low. A tart, citrusy character from yeast and high carbonation is sometimes present, but typically muted. Well rounded, flavorful, often somewhat sweet palate with a relatively dry finish. No diacetyl or DMS.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium-full body. The texture of wheat as well as yeast in suspension imparts the sensation of a fluffy, creamy fullness that may progress to a lighter finish, aided by moderate to high carbonation. The presence of Munich and/or Vienna malts also provide an additional sense of richness and fullness. Effervescent.
Overall Impression: A moderately dark, spicy, fruity, malty, refreshing wheat-based ale. Reflecting the best yeast and wheat character of a hefeweizen blended with the malty richness of a Munich dunkel.
History: Old-fashioned Bavarian wheat beer was often dark. In the 1950s and 1960s, wheat beers did not have a youthful image, since most older people drank them for their healthgiving qualities. Today, the lighter hefeweizen is more common.
Comments: The presence of Munich and/or Vienna-type barley malts gives this style a deep, rich barley malt character not found in a hefeweizen. Bottles with yeast are traditionally swirled or gently rolled prior to serving.
Ingredients: By German law, at least 50% of the grist must be malted wheat, although some versions use up to 70%; the remainder is usually Munich and/or Vienna malt. A traditional decoction mash gives the appropriate body without cloying sweetness. Weizen ale yeasts produce the typical spicy and fruity character, although extreme fermentation temperatures can affect the balance and produce off-flavors. A small amount of noble hops are used only for bitterness.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.044 – 1.056
IBUs: 10 – 18
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 14 – 23
ABV: 4.3 – 5.6%
Commercial Examples: Weihenstephaner Hefeweissbier Dunkel, Ayinger Ur-Weisse, Franziskaner Dunkel Hefe-Weisse, Schneider Weisse (Original), Ettaler Weissbier Dunkel, Hacker-Pschorr Weisse Dark, Tucher Dunkles Hefe Weizen, Edelweiss Dunkel Weissbier, Erdinger Weissbier Dunkel, Kapuziner
Weissbier Schwarz
Aroma: Rich, bock-like melanoidins and bready malt combined with a powerful aroma of dark fruit (plums, prunes, raisins or grapes). Moderate to strong phenols (most commonly vanilla and/or clove) add complexity, and some banana esters may also be present. A moderate aroma of alcohol is common, although never solventy. No hop aroma, diacetyl or DMS.
Appearance: Dark amber to dark, ruby brown in color. A very thick, moussy, long-lasting light tan head is characteristic. The high protein content of wheat impairs clarity in this traditionally unfiltered style, although the level of haze is somewhat variable. The suspended yeast sediment (which should be roused before drinking) also contributes to the cloudiness.
Flavor: A complex marriage of rich, bock-like melanoidins, dark fruit, spicy clove-like phenols, light banana and/or vanilla, and a moderate wheat flavor. The malty, bready flavor of wheat is further enhanced by the copious use of Munich and/or Vienna malts. May have a slightly sweet palate, and a light chocolate character is sometimes found (although a roasted character is inappropriate). A faintly tart character may optionally be present. Hop flavor is absent, and hop bitterness is low. The wheat, malt, and yeast character dominate the palate, and the alcohol helps balance the finish. Well-aged examples may show some sherry-like oxidation as a point of complexity. No diacetyl or DMS.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body. A creamy sensation is typical, as is the warming sensation of substantial alcohol content. The presence of Munich and/or Vienna malts also provide an additional sense of richness and fullness. Moderate to high carbonation. Never hot or solventy.
Overall Impression: A strong, malty, fruity, wheat-based ale combining the best flavors of a dunkelweizen and the rich strength and body of a bock.
History: Aventinus, the world’s oldest top-fermented wheat doppelbock, was created in 1907 at the Weisse Brauhaus in Munich using the ‘Méthode Champenoise’ with fresh yeast sediment on the bottom. It was Schneider’s creative response to bottom-fermenting doppelbocks that developed a strong
following during these times.
Comments: A dunkel-weizen beer brewed to bock or doppelbock strength. Now also made in the Eisbock style as a specialty beer. Bottles may be gently rolled or swirled prior to serving to rouse the yeast.
Ingredients: A high percentage of malted wheat is used (by German law must be at least 50%, although it may contain up to 70%), with the remainder being Munich- and/or Viennatype barley malts. A traditional decoction mash gives the appropriate body without cloying sweetness. Weizen ale yeasts
produce the typical spicy and fruity character. Too warm or too cold fermentation will cause the phenols and esters to be out of balance and may create off-flavors. A small amount of noble hops are used only for bitterness.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.064 – 1.090
IBUs: 15 – 30
FG: 1.015 – 1.022
SRM: 12 – 25
ABV: 6.5 – 8.0%
Commercial Examples: Schneider Aventinus, Schneider Aventinus Eisbock, Plank Bavarian Dunkler Weizenbock, Plank Bavarian Heller Weizenbock, AleSmith Weizenbock, Erdinger Pikantus, Mahr’s Der Weisse Bock, Victory Moonglow Weizenbock, High Point Ramstein Winter Wheat, Capital Weizen Doppelbock, Eisenbahn Vigorosa
Appearance: Dark amber to dark, ruby brown in color. A very thick, moussy, long-lasting light tan head is characteristic. The high protein content of wheat impairs clarity in this traditionally unfiltered style, although the level of haze is somewhat variable. The suspended yeast sediment (which should be roused before drinking) also contributes to the cloudiness.
Flavor: A complex marriage of rich, bock-like melanoidins, dark fruit, spicy clove-like phenols, light banana and/or vanilla, and a moderate wheat flavor. The malty, bready flavor of wheat is further enhanced by the copious use of Munich and/or Vienna malts. May have a slightly sweet palate, and a light chocolate character is sometimes found (although a roasted character is inappropriate). A faintly tart character may optionally be present. Hop flavor is absent, and hop bitterness is low. The wheat, malt, and yeast character dominate the palate, and the alcohol helps balance the finish. Well-aged examples may show some sherry-like oxidation as a point of complexity. No diacetyl or DMS.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full to full body. A creamy sensation is typical, as is the warming sensation of substantial alcohol content. The presence of Munich and/or Vienna malts also provide an additional sense of richness and fullness. Moderate to high carbonation. Never hot or solventy.
Overall Impression: A strong, malty, fruity, wheat-based ale combining the best flavors of a dunkelweizen and the rich strength and body of a bock.
History: Aventinus, the world’s oldest top-fermented wheat doppelbock, was created in 1907 at the Weisse Brauhaus in Munich using the ‘Méthode Champenoise’ with fresh yeast sediment on the bottom. It was Schneider’s creative response to bottom-fermenting doppelbocks that developed a strong
following during these times.
Comments: A dunkel-weizen beer brewed to bock or doppelbock strength. Now also made in the Eisbock style as a specialty beer. Bottles may be gently rolled or swirled prior to serving to rouse the yeast.
Ingredients: A high percentage of malted wheat is used (by German law must be at least 50%, although it may contain up to 70%), with the remainder being Munich- and/or Viennatype barley malts. A traditional decoction mash gives the appropriate body without cloying sweetness. Weizen ale yeasts
produce the typical spicy and fruity character. Too warm or too cold fermentation will cause the phenols and esters to be out of balance and may create off-flavors. A small amount of noble hops are used only for bitterness.
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.064 – 1.090
IBUs: 15 – 30
FG: 1.015 – 1.022
SRM: 12 – 25
ABV: 6.5 – 8.0%
Commercial Examples: Schneider Aventinus, Schneider Aventinus Eisbock, Plank Bavarian Dunkler Weizenbock, Plank Bavarian Heller Weizenbock, AleSmith Weizenbock, Erdinger Pikantus, Mahr’s Der Weisse Bock, Victory Moonglow Weizenbock, High Point Ramstein Winter Wheat, Capital Weizen Doppelbock, Eisenbahn Vigorosa
Aroma: Light to moderate spicy rye aroma intermingled with light to moderate weizen yeast aromatics (spicy clove and fruity esters, either banana or citrus). Light noble hops are acceptable. Can have a somewhat acidic aroma from rye and yeast. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Light coppery-orange to very dark reddish or coppery-brown color. Large creamy off-white to tan head, quite dense and persistent (often thick and rocky). Cloudy, hazy appearance.
Flavor: Grainy, moderately-low to moderately-strong spicy rye flavor, often having a hearty flavor reminiscent of rye or pumpernickel bread. Medium to medium-low bitterness allows an initial malt sweetness (sometimes with a bit of caramel) to be tasted before yeast and rye character takes over. Low to moderate weizen yeast character (banana, clove, and sometimes citrus), although the balance can vary. Mediumdry, grainy finish with a tangy, lightly bitter (from rye) aftertaste. Low to moderate noble hop flavor acceptable, and can persist into aftertaste. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. High carbonation. Light tartness optional.
Overall Impression: A dunkelweizen made with rye rather than wheat, but with a greater body and light finishing hops.
History: A specialty beer originally brewed in Regensburg, Bavaria as a more distinctive variant of a dunkelweizen using malted rye instead of malted wheat.
Comments: American-style rye beers should be entered in the American Rye category (6D). Other traditional beer styles with enough rye added to give a noticeable rye character should be entered in the Specialty Beer category (23). Rye is a huskless grain and is difficult to mash, often resulting in a gummy mash texture that is prone to sticking. Rye has been characterized as having the most assertive flavor of all cereal grains. It is inappropriate to add caraway seeds to a roggenbier (as some American brewers do); the rye character is traditionally from the rye grain only.
Ingredients: Malted rye typically constitutes 50% or greater of the grist (some versions have 60-65% rye). Remainder of grist can include pale malt, Munich malt, wheat malt, crystal malt and/or small amounts of debittered dark malts for color adjustment. Weizen yeast provides distinctive banana esters and clove phenols. Light usage of noble hops in bitterness, flavor and aroma. Lower fermentation temperatures accentuate the clove character by suppressing ester formation. Decoction mash commonly used (as with weizenbiers).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.056
IBUs: 10 – 20
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 14 – 19
ABV: 4.5 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Paulaner Roggen (formerly Thurn und Taxis, no longer imported into the US), Bürgerbräu Wolznacher Roggenbier
Appearance: Light coppery-orange to very dark reddish or coppery-brown color. Large creamy off-white to tan head, quite dense and persistent (often thick and rocky). Cloudy, hazy appearance.
Flavor: Grainy, moderately-low to moderately-strong spicy rye flavor, often having a hearty flavor reminiscent of rye or pumpernickel bread. Medium to medium-low bitterness allows an initial malt sweetness (sometimes with a bit of caramel) to be tasted before yeast and rye character takes over. Low to moderate weizen yeast character (banana, clove, and sometimes citrus), although the balance can vary. Mediumdry, grainy finish with a tangy, lightly bitter (from rye) aftertaste. Low to moderate noble hop flavor acceptable, and can persist into aftertaste. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. High carbonation. Light tartness optional.
Overall Impression: A dunkelweizen made with rye rather than wheat, but with a greater body and light finishing hops.
History: A specialty beer originally brewed in Regensburg, Bavaria as a more distinctive variant of a dunkelweizen using malted rye instead of malted wheat.
Comments: American-style rye beers should be entered in the American Rye category (6D). Other traditional beer styles with enough rye added to give a noticeable rye character should be entered in the Specialty Beer category (23). Rye is a huskless grain and is difficult to mash, often resulting in a gummy mash texture that is prone to sticking. Rye has been characterized as having the most assertive flavor of all cereal grains. It is inappropriate to add caraway seeds to a roggenbier (as some American brewers do); the rye character is traditionally from the rye grain only.
Ingredients: Malted rye typically constitutes 50% or greater of the grist (some versions have 60-65% rye). Remainder of grist can include pale malt, Munich malt, wheat malt, crystal malt and/or small amounts of debittered dark malts for color adjustment. Weizen yeast provides distinctive banana esters and clove phenols. Light usage of noble hops in bitterness, flavor and aroma. Lower fermentation temperatures accentuate the clove character by suppressing ester formation. Decoction mash commonly used (as with weizenbiers).
Vital Statistics:
OG: 1.046 – 1.056
IBUs: 10 – 20
FG: 1.010 – 1.014
SRM: 14 – 19
ABV: 4.5 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Paulaner Roggen (formerly Thurn und Taxis, no longer imported into the US), Bürgerbräu Wolznacher Roggenbier
16A. Witbier
16B. Belgian Pale Ale
16C. Saison
16D. Bière de Garde
16E. Belgian Specialty Ale
17. SourAle
Aroma: Moderate sweetness (often with light notes of honey
and/or vanilla) with light, grainy, spicy wheat aromatics, often
with a bit of tartness. Moderate perfumy coriander, often
with a complex herbal, spicy, or peppery note in the background.
Moderate zesty, citrusy orangey fruitiness. A low
spicy-herbal hop aroma is optional, but should never overpower
the other characteristics. No diacetyl. Vegetal, celerylike,
or ham-like aromas are inappropriate. Spices should
blend in with fruity, floral and sweet aromas and should not
be overly strong.
Appearance: Very pale straw to very light gold in color. The
beer will be very cloudy from starch haze and/or yeast, which
gives it a milky, whitish-yellow appearance. Dense, white,
moussy head. Head retention should be quite good.
Flavor: Pleasant sweetness (often with a honey and/or vanilla
character) and a zesty, orange-citrusy fruitiness. Refreshingly
crisp with a dry, often tart, finish. Can have a low wheat flavor.
Optionally has a very light lactic-tasting sourness. Herbalspicy
flavors, which may include coriander and other spices,
are common should be subtle and balanced, not overpowering.
A spicy-earthy hop flavor is low to none, and if noticeable,
never gets in the way of the spices. Hop bitterness is low to
medium-low (as with a Hefeweizen), and doesn’t interfere
with refreshing flavors of fruit and spice, nor does it persist
into the finish. Bitterness from orange pith should not be present.
Vegetal, celery-like, ham-like, or soapy flavors are inappropriate.
No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body, often having a
smoothness and light creaminess from unmalted wheat and
the occasional oats. Despite body and creaminess, finishes dry
and often a bit tart. Effervescent character from high carbonation.
Refreshing, from carbonation, light acidity, and lack of
bitterness in finish. No harshness or astringency from orange
pith. Should not be overly dry and thin, nor should it be thick
and heavy.
Overall Impression: A refreshing, elegant, tasty, moderatestrength
wheat-based ale.
History: A 400-year-old beer style that died out in the 1950s; it
was later revived by Pierre Celis at Hoegaarden, and has
grown steadily in popularity over time.
Comments: The presence, character and degree of spicing and
lactic sourness varies. Overly spiced and/or sour beers are not
good examples of the style. Coriander of certain origins might
give an inappropriate ham or celery character. The beer tends
to be fragile and does not age well, so younger, fresher, properly
handled examples are most desirable. Most examples
seem to be approximately 5% ABV.
Ingredients: About 50% unmalted wheat (traditionally soft
white winter wheat) and 50% pale barley malt (usually Pils
malt) constitute the grist. In some versions, up to 5-10% raw
oats may be used. Spices of freshly-ground coriander and Curaçao
or sometimes sweet orange peel complement the sweet
aroma and are quite characteristic. Other spices (e.g., chamomile,
cumin, cinnamon, Grains of Paradise) may be used for
complexity but are much less prominent. Ale yeast prone to
the production of mild, spicy flavors is very characteristic. In
some instances a very limited lactic fermentation, or the actual
addition of lactic acid, is done.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.044 – 1.052
IBUs:
10 – 20
FG:
1.008 – 1.012
SRM:
2 – 4
ABV:
4.5 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Hoegaarden Wit, St. Bernardus
Blanche, Celis White, Vuuve 5, Brugs Tarwebier (Blanche de
Bruges), Wittekerke, Allagash White, Blanche de Bruxelles,
Ommegang Witte, Avery White Rascal, Unibroue Blanche de
Chambly, Sterkens White Ale, Bell’s Winter White Ale, Victory
Whirlwind Witbier, Hitachino Nest White Ale
and/or vanilla) with light, grainy, spicy wheat aromatics, often
with a bit of tartness. Moderate perfumy coriander, often
with a complex herbal, spicy, or peppery note in the background.
Moderate zesty, citrusy orangey fruitiness. A low
spicy-herbal hop aroma is optional, but should never overpower
the other characteristics. No diacetyl. Vegetal, celerylike,
or ham-like aromas are inappropriate. Spices should
blend in with fruity, floral and sweet aromas and should not
be overly strong.
Appearance: Very pale straw to very light gold in color. The
beer will be very cloudy from starch haze and/or yeast, which
gives it a milky, whitish-yellow appearance. Dense, white,
moussy head. Head retention should be quite good.
Flavor: Pleasant sweetness (often with a honey and/or vanilla
character) and a zesty, orange-citrusy fruitiness. Refreshingly
crisp with a dry, often tart, finish. Can have a low wheat flavor.
Optionally has a very light lactic-tasting sourness. Herbalspicy
flavors, which may include coriander and other spices,
are common should be subtle and balanced, not overpowering.
A spicy-earthy hop flavor is low to none, and if noticeable,
never gets in the way of the spices. Hop bitterness is low to
medium-low (as with a Hefeweizen), and doesn’t interfere
with refreshing flavors of fruit and spice, nor does it persist
into the finish. Bitterness from orange pith should not be present.
Vegetal, celery-like, ham-like, or soapy flavors are inappropriate.
No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body, often having a
smoothness and light creaminess from unmalted wheat and
the occasional oats. Despite body and creaminess, finishes dry
and often a bit tart. Effervescent character from high carbonation.
Refreshing, from carbonation, light acidity, and lack of
bitterness in finish. No harshness or astringency from orange
pith. Should not be overly dry and thin, nor should it be thick
and heavy.
Overall Impression: A refreshing, elegant, tasty, moderatestrength
wheat-based ale.
History: A 400-year-old beer style that died out in the 1950s; it
was later revived by Pierre Celis at Hoegaarden, and has
grown steadily in popularity over time.
Comments: The presence, character and degree of spicing and
lactic sourness varies. Overly spiced and/or sour beers are not
good examples of the style. Coriander of certain origins might
give an inappropriate ham or celery character. The beer tends
to be fragile and does not age well, so younger, fresher, properly
handled examples are most desirable. Most examples
seem to be approximately 5% ABV.
Ingredients: About 50% unmalted wheat (traditionally soft
white winter wheat) and 50% pale barley malt (usually Pils
malt) constitute the grist. In some versions, up to 5-10% raw
oats may be used. Spices of freshly-ground coriander and Curaçao
or sometimes sweet orange peel complement the sweet
aroma and are quite characteristic. Other spices (e.g., chamomile,
cumin, cinnamon, Grains of Paradise) may be used for
complexity but are much less prominent. Ale yeast prone to
the production of mild, spicy flavors is very characteristic. In
some instances a very limited lactic fermentation, or the actual
addition of lactic acid, is done.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.044 – 1.052
IBUs:
10 – 20
FG:
1.008 – 1.012
SRM:
2 – 4
ABV:
4.5 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: Hoegaarden Wit, St. Bernardus
Blanche, Celis White, Vuuve 5, Brugs Tarwebier (Blanche de
Bruges), Wittekerke, Allagash White, Blanche de Bruxelles,
Ommegang Witte, Avery White Rascal, Unibroue Blanche de
Chambly, Sterkens White Ale, Bell’s Winter White Ale, Victory
Whirlwind Witbier, Hitachino Nest White Ale
Aroma: Prominent aroma of malt with moderate fruity character
and low hop aroma. Toasty, biscuity malt aroma. May have
an orange- or pear-like fruitiness though not as fruity/citrusy
as many other Belgian ales. Distinctive floral or spicy, low to
moderate strength hop character optionally blended with
background level peppery, spicy phenols. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Amber to copper in color. Clarity is very good.
Creamy, rocky, white head often fades more quickly than other
Belgian beers.
Flavor: Fruity and lightly to moderately spicy with a soft,
smooth malt and relatively light hop character and low to very
low phenols. May have an orange- or pear-like fruitiness,
though not as fruity/citrusy as many other Belgian ales. Has
an initial soft, malty sweetness with a toasty, biscuity, nutty
malt flavor. The hop flavor is low to none. The hop bitterness
is medium to low, and is optionally complemented by low
amounts of peppery phenols. There is a moderately dry to
moderately sweet finish, with hops becoming more pronounced
in those with a drier finish.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-light body. Alcohol level is
restrained, and any warming character should be low if present.
No hot alcohol or solventy character. Medium carbonation.
Overall Impression: A fruity, moderately malty, somewhat
spicy, easy-drinking, copper-colored ale.
History: Produced by breweries with roots as far back as the
mid-1700s, the most well-known examples were perfected
after the Second World War with some influence from Britain,
including hops and yeast strains.
Comments: Most commonly found in the Flemish provinces
of Antwerp and Brabant. Considered “everyday” beers (Category
I). Compared to their higher alcohol Category S cousins,
they are Belgian “session beers” for ease of drinking. Nothing
should be too pronounced or dominant; balance is the key.
Ingredients: Pilsner or pale ale malt contributes the bulk of
the grist with (cara) Vienna and Munich malts adding color,
body and complexity. Sugar is not commonly used as high
gravity is not desired. Noble hops, Styrian Goldings, East Kent
Goldings or Fuggles are commonly used. Yeasts prone to
moderate production of phenols are often used but fermentation
temperatures should be kept moderate to limit this character.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.048 – 1.054
IBUs:
20 – 30
FG:
1.010 – 1.014
SRM:
8 – 14
ABV:
4.8 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: De Koninck, Speciale Palm, Dobble
Palm, Russian River Perdition, Ginder Ale, Op-Ale, St. Pieters
Zinnebir, Brewer’s Art House Pale Ale, Avery Karma, Eisenbahn
Pale Ale, Ommegang Rare Vos (unusual in its 6.5% ABV
strength)
and low hop aroma. Toasty, biscuity malt aroma. May have
an orange- or pear-like fruitiness though not as fruity/citrusy
as many other Belgian ales. Distinctive floral or spicy, low to
moderate strength hop character optionally blended with
background level peppery, spicy phenols. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Amber to copper in color. Clarity is very good.
Creamy, rocky, white head often fades more quickly than other
Belgian beers.
Flavor: Fruity and lightly to moderately spicy with a soft,
smooth malt and relatively light hop character and low to very
low phenols. May have an orange- or pear-like fruitiness,
though not as fruity/citrusy as many other Belgian ales. Has
an initial soft, malty sweetness with a toasty, biscuity, nutty
malt flavor. The hop flavor is low to none. The hop bitterness
is medium to low, and is optionally complemented by low
amounts of peppery phenols. There is a moderately dry to
moderately sweet finish, with hops becoming more pronounced
in those with a drier finish.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-light body. Alcohol level is
restrained, and any warming character should be low if present.
No hot alcohol or solventy character. Medium carbonation.
Overall Impression: A fruity, moderately malty, somewhat
spicy, easy-drinking, copper-colored ale.
History: Produced by breweries with roots as far back as the
mid-1700s, the most well-known examples were perfected
after the Second World War with some influence from Britain,
including hops and yeast strains.
Comments: Most commonly found in the Flemish provinces
of Antwerp and Brabant. Considered “everyday” beers (Category
I). Compared to their higher alcohol Category S cousins,
they are Belgian “session beers” for ease of drinking. Nothing
should be too pronounced or dominant; balance is the key.
Ingredients: Pilsner or pale ale malt contributes the bulk of
the grist with (cara) Vienna and Munich malts adding color,
body and complexity. Sugar is not commonly used as high
gravity is not desired. Noble hops, Styrian Goldings, East Kent
Goldings or Fuggles are commonly used. Yeasts prone to
moderate production of phenols are often used but fermentation
temperatures should be kept moderate to limit this character.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.048 – 1.054
IBUs:
20 – 30
FG:
1.010 – 1.014
SRM:
8 – 14
ABV:
4.8 – 5.5%
Commercial Examples: De Koninck, Speciale Palm, Dobble
Palm, Russian River Perdition, Ginder Ale, Op-Ale, St. Pieters
Zinnebir, Brewer’s Art House Pale Ale, Avery Karma, Eisenbahn
Pale Ale, Ommegang Rare Vos (unusual in its 6.5% ABV
strength)
Aroma: High fruitiness with low to moderate hop aroma and
moderate to no herb, spice and alcohol aroma. Fruity esters
dominate the aroma and are often reminiscent of citrus fruits
such as oranges or lemons. A low to medium-high spicy or
floral hop aroma is usually present. A moderate spice aroma
(from actual spice additions and/or yeast-derived phenols)
complements the other aromatics. When phenolics are present
they tend to be peppery rather than clove-like. A low to moderate
sourness or acidity may be present, but should not
overwhelm other characteristics. Spice, hop and sour aromatics
typically increase with the strength of the beer. Alcohols are
soft, spicy and low in intensity, and should not be hot or solventy.
The malt character is light. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Often a distinctive pale orange but may be
golden or amber in color. There is no correlation between
strength and color. Long-lasting, dense, rocky white to ivory
head resulting in characteristic “Belgian lace” on the glass as it
fades. Clarity is poor to good though haze is not unexpected
in this type of unfiltered farmhouse beer. Effervescent.
Flavor: Combination of fruity and spicy flavors supported by
a soft malt character, a low to moderate alcohol presence and
tart sourness. Extremely high attenuation gives a characteristic
dry finish. The fruitiness is frequently citrusy (orange- or
lemon-like). The addition of one of more spices serve to add
complexity, but shouldn’t dominate in the balance. Low peppery
yeast-derived phenols may be present instead of or in
addition to spice additions; phenols tend to be lower than in
many other Belgian beers, and complement the bitterness.
Hop flavor is low to moderate, and is generally spicy or earthy
in character. Hop bitterness may be moderate to high, but
should not overwhelm fruity esters, spices, and malt. Malt
character is light but provides a sufficient background for the
other flavors. A low to moderate tart sourness may be present,
but should not overwhelm other flavors. Spices, hop bitterness
and flavor, and sourness commonly increase with the strength
of the beer while sweetness decreases. No hot alcohol or solventy
character. High carbonation, moderately sulfate water,
and high attenuation give a very dry finish with a long, bitter,
sometimes spicy aftertaste. The perceived bitterness is often
higher than the IBU level would suggest. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium body. Alcohol level can be medium
to medium-high, though the warming character is low
to medium. No hot alcohol or solventy character. Very high
carbonation with an effervescent quality. There is enough
prickly acidity on the tongue to balance the very dry finish. A
low to moderate tart character may be present but should be
refreshing and not to the point of puckering.
Overall Impression: A refreshing, medium to strong fruity/
spicy ale with a distinctive yellow-orange color, highly carbonated,
well hopped, and dry with a quenching acidity.
History: A seasonal summer style produced in Wallonia, the
French-speaking part of Belgium. Originally brewed at the
end of the cool season to last through the warmer months before
refrigeration was common. It had to be sturdy enough to
last for months but not too strong to be quenching and refreshing
in the summer. It is now brewed year-round in tiny, artisanal
breweries whose buildings reflect their origins as farmhouses.
Comments: Varying strength examples exist (table beers of
about 5% strength, typical export beers of about 6.5%, and
stronger versions of 8%+). Strong versions (6.5%-9.5%) and
darker versions (copper to dark brown/black) should be entered
as Belgian Specialty Ales (16E). Sweetness decreases and
spice, hop and sour character increases with strength. Herb
and spice additions often reflect the indigenous varieties
available at the brewery. High carbonation and extreme attenuation
(85-95%) helps bring out the many flavors and to
increase the perception of a dry finish. All of these beers share
somewhat higher levels of acidity than other Belgian styles
while the optional sour flavor is often a variable house character
of a particular brewery.
Ingredients: Pilsner malt dominates the grist though a portion
of Vienna and/or Munich malt contributes color and complexity.
Sometimes contains other grains such as wheat and spelt.
Adjuncts such as sugar and honey can also serve to add complexity
and thin the body. Hop bitterness and flavor may be
more noticeable than in many other Belgian styles. A saison is
sometimes dry-hopped. Noble hops, Styrian or East Kent
Goldings are commonly used. A wide variety of herbs and
spices are often used to add complexity and uniqueness in the
stronger versions, but should always meld well with the yeast
and hop character. Varying degrees of acidity and/or sourness
can be created by the use of gypsum, acidulated malt, a sour
mash or Lactobacillus. Hard water, common to most of Wallonia,
can accentuate the bitterness and dry finish.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.048 – 1.065
IBUs:
20 – 35
FG:
1.002 – 1.012
SRM:
5 – 14
ABV:
5 – 7%
Commercial Examples: Saison Dupont Vieille Provision;
Fantôme Saison D’Erezée - Printemps; Saison de Pipaix; Saison
Regal; Saison Voisin; Lefebvre Saison 1900; Ellezelloise
Saison 2000; Saison Silly; Southampton Saison; New Belgium
Saison; Pizza Port SPF 45; Lost Abbey Red Barn Ale; Ommegang
Hennepin
moderate to no herb, spice and alcohol aroma. Fruity esters
dominate the aroma and are often reminiscent of citrus fruits
such as oranges or lemons. A low to medium-high spicy or
floral hop aroma is usually present. A moderate spice aroma
(from actual spice additions and/or yeast-derived phenols)
complements the other aromatics. When phenolics are present
they tend to be peppery rather than clove-like. A low to moderate
sourness or acidity may be present, but should not
overwhelm other characteristics. Spice, hop and sour aromatics
typically increase with the strength of the beer. Alcohols are
soft, spicy and low in intensity, and should not be hot or solventy.
The malt character is light. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Often a distinctive pale orange but may be
golden or amber in color. There is no correlation between
strength and color. Long-lasting, dense, rocky white to ivory
head resulting in characteristic “Belgian lace” on the glass as it
fades. Clarity is poor to good though haze is not unexpected
in this type of unfiltered farmhouse beer. Effervescent.
Flavor: Combination of fruity and spicy flavors supported by
a soft malt character, a low to moderate alcohol presence and
tart sourness. Extremely high attenuation gives a characteristic
dry finish. The fruitiness is frequently citrusy (orange- or
lemon-like). The addition of one of more spices serve to add
complexity, but shouldn’t dominate in the balance. Low peppery
yeast-derived phenols may be present instead of or in
addition to spice additions; phenols tend to be lower than in
many other Belgian beers, and complement the bitterness.
Hop flavor is low to moderate, and is generally spicy or earthy
in character. Hop bitterness may be moderate to high, but
should not overwhelm fruity esters, spices, and malt. Malt
character is light but provides a sufficient background for the
other flavors. A low to moderate tart sourness may be present,
but should not overwhelm other flavors. Spices, hop bitterness
and flavor, and sourness commonly increase with the strength
of the beer while sweetness decreases. No hot alcohol or solventy
character. High carbonation, moderately sulfate water,
and high attenuation give a very dry finish with a long, bitter,
sometimes spicy aftertaste. The perceived bitterness is often
higher than the IBU level would suggest. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium body. Alcohol level can be medium
to medium-high, though the warming character is low
to medium. No hot alcohol or solventy character. Very high
carbonation with an effervescent quality. There is enough
prickly acidity on the tongue to balance the very dry finish. A
low to moderate tart character may be present but should be
refreshing and not to the point of puckering.
Overall Impression: A refreshing, medium to strong fruity/
spicy ale with a distinctive yellow-orange color, highly carbonated,
well hopped, and dry with a quenching acidity.
History: A seasonal summer style produced in Wallonia, the
French-speaking part of Belgium. Originally brewed at the
end of the cool season to last through the warmer months before
refrigeration was common. It had to be sturdy enough to
last for months but not too strong to be quenching and refreshing
in the summer. It is now brewed year-round in tiny, artisanal
breweries whose buildings reflect their origins as farmhouses.
Comments: Varying strength examples exist (table beers of
about 5% strength, typical export beers of about 6.5%, and
stronger versions of 8%+). Strong versions (6.5%-9.5%) and
darker versions (copper to dark brown/black) should be entered
as Belgian Specialty Ales (16E). Sweetness decreases and
spice, hop and sour character increases with strength. Herb
and spice additions often reflect the indigenous varieties
available at the brewery. High carbonation and extreme attenuation
(85-95%) helps bring out the many flavors and to
increase the perception of a dry finish. All of these beers share
somewhat higher levels of acidity than other Belgian styles
while the optional sour flavor is often a variable house character
of a particular brewery.
Ingredients: Pilsner malt dominates the grist though a portion
of Vienna and/or Munich malt contributes color and complexity.
Sometimes contains other grains such as wheat and spelt.
Adjuncts such as sugar and honey can also serve to add complexity
and thin the body. Hop bitterness and flavor may be
more noticeable than in many other Belgian styles. A saison is
sometimes dry-hopped. Noble hops, Styrian or East Kent
Goldings are commonly used. A wide variety of herbs and
spices are often used to add complexity and uniqueness in the
stronger versions, but should always meld well with the yeast
and hop character. Varying degrees of acidity and/or sourness
can be created by the use of gypsum, acidulated malt, a sour
mash or Lactobacillus. Hard water, common to most of Wallonia,
can accentuate the bitterness and dry finish.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.048 – 1.065
IBUs:
20 – 35
FG:
1.002 – 1.012
SRM:
5 – 14
ABV:
5 – 7%
Commercial Examples: Saison Dupont Vieille Provision;
Fantôme Saison D’Erezée - Printemps; Saison de Pipaix; Saison
Regal; Saison Voisin; Lefebvre Saison 1900; Ellezelloise
Saison 2000; Saison Silly; Southampton Saison; New Belgium
Saison; Pizza Port SPF 45; Lost Abbey Red Barn Ale; Ommegang
Hennepin
Aroma: Prominent malty sweetness, often with a complex,
light to moderate toasty character. Some caramelization is acceptable.
Low to moderate esters. Little to no hop aroma (may
be a bit spicy or herbal). Commercial versions will often have
a musty, woodsy, cellar-like character that is difficult to
achieve in homebrew. Paler versions will still be malty but
will lack richer, deeper aromatics and may have a bit more
hops. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Three main variations exist (blond, amber and
brown), so color can range from golden blonde to reddishbronze
to chestnut brown. Clarity is good to poor, although
haze is not unexpected in this type of often unfiltered beer.
Well-formed head, generally white to off-white (varies by beer
color), supported by high carbonation.
Flavor: Medium to high malt flavor often with a toasty, toffeelike
or caramel sweetness. Malt flavors and complexity tend to
increase as beer color darkens. Low to moderate esters and
alcohol flavors. Medium-low hop bitterness provides some
support, but the balance is always tilted toward the malt. The
malt flavor lasts into the finish but the finish is medium-dry to
dry, never cloying. Alcohol can provide some additional dryness
in the finish. Low to no hop flavor, although paler versions
can have slightly higher levels of herbal or spicy hop
flavor (which can also come from the yeast). Smooth, welllagered
character. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-light (lean) body, often with a
smooth, silky character. Moderate to high carbonation. Moderate
alcohol, but should be very smooth and never hot.
Overall Impression: A fairly strong, malt-accentuated, lagered
artisanal farmhouse beer.
History: Name literally means “beer which has been kept or
lagered.” A traditional artisanal farmhouse ale from Northern
France brewed in early spring and kept in cold cellars for consumption
in warmer weather. It is now brewed year-round.
Related to the Belgian Saison style, the main difference is that
the Bière de Garde is rounder, richer, sweeter, malt-focused,
often has a “cellar” character, and lacks the spicing and tartness
of a Saison.
Comments: Three main variations are included in the style:
the brown (brune), the blond (blonde), and the amber (ambrée).
The darker versions will have more malt character,
while the paler versions can have more hops (but still are
malt-focused beers). A related style is Bière de Mars, which is
brewed in March (Mars) for present use and will not age as
well. Attenuation rates are in the 80-85% range. Some fullerbodied
examples exist, but these are somewhat rare.
Ingredients: The “cellar” character in commercial examples is
unlikely to be duplicated in homebrews as it comes from indigenous
yeasts and molds. Commercial versions often have a
“corked”, dry, astringent character that is often incorrectly
identified as “cellar-like.” Homebrews therefore are usually
cleaner. Base malts vary by beer color, but usually include
pale, Vienna and Munich types. Kettle caramelization tends to
be used more than crystal malts, when present. Darker versions
will have richer malt complexity and sweetness from
crystal-type malts. Sugar may be used to add flavor and aid in
the dry finish. Lager or ale yeast fermented at cool ale temperatures,
followed by long cold conditioning (4-6 weeks for
commercial operations). Soft water. Floral, herbal or spicy continental
hops.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.060 – 1.080
IBUs:
18 – 28
FG:
1.008 – 1.016
SRM:
6 – 19
ABV:
6 – 8.5%
Commercial Examples: Jenlain (amber), Jenlain Bière de Printemps
(blond), St. Amand (brown), Ch’Ti Brun (brown), Ch’Ti
Blond (blond), La Choulette (all 3 versions), La Choulette Bière
des Sans Culottes (blond), Saint Sylvestre 3 Monts (blond),
Biere Nouvelle (brown), Castelain (blond), Jade (amber), Brasseurs
Bière de Garde (amber), Southampton Bière de Garde
(amber), Lost Abbey Avante Garde (blond)
light to moderate toasty character. Some caramelization is acceptable.
Low to moderate esters. Little to no hop aroma (may
be a bit spicy or herbal). Commercial versions will often have
a musty, woodsy, cellar-like character that is difficult to
achieve in homebrew. Paler versions will still be malty but
will lack richer, deeper aromatics and may have a bit more
hops. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Three main variations exist (blond, amber and
brown), so color can range from golden blonde to reddishbronze
to chestnut brown. Clarity is good to poor, although
haze is not unexpected in this type of often unfiltered beer.
Well-formed head, generally white to off-white (varies by beer
color), supported by high carbonation.
Flavor: Medium to high malt flavor often with a toasty, toffeelike
or caramel sweetness. Malt flavors and complexity tend to
increase as beer color darkens. Low to moderate esters and
alcohol flavors. Medium-low hop bitterness provides some
support, but the balance is always tilted toward the malt. The
malt flavor lasts into the finish but the finish is medium-dry to
dry, never cloying. Alcohol can provide some additional dryness
in the finish. Low to no hop flavor, although paler versions
can have slightly higher levels of herbal or spicy hop
flavor (which can also come from the yeast). Smooth, welllagered
character. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-light (lean) body, often with a
smooth, silky character. Moderate to high carbonation. Moderate
alcohol, but should be very smooth and never hot.
Overall Impression: A fairly strong, malt-accentuated, lagered
artisanal farmhouse beer.
History: Name literally means “beer which has been kept or
lagered.” A traditional artisanal farmhouse ale from Northern
France brewed in early spring and kept in cold cellars for consumption
in warmer weather. It is now brewed year-round.
Related to the Belgian Saison style, the main difference is that
the Bière de Garde is rounder, richer, sweeter, malt-focused,
often has a “cellar” character, and lacks the spicing and tartness
of a Saison.
Comments: Three main variations are included in the style:
the brown (brune), the blond (blonde), and the amber (ambrée).
The darker versions will have more malt character,
while the paler versions can have more hops (but still are
malt-focused beers). A related style is Bière de Mars, which is
brewed in March (Mars) for present use and will not age as
well. Attenuation rates are in the 80-85% range. Some fullerbodied
examples exist, but these are somewhat rare.
Ingredients: The “cellar” character in commercial examples is
unlikely to be duplicated in homebrews as it comes from indigenous
yeasts and molds. Commercial versions often have a
“corked”, dry, astringent character that is often incorrectly
identified as “cellar-like.” Homebrews therefore are usually
cleaner. Base malts vary by beer color, but usually include
pale, Vienna and Munich types. Kettle caramelization tends to
be used more than crystal malts, when present. Darker versions
will have richer malt complexity and sweetness from
crystal-type malts. Sugar may be used to add flavor and aid in
the dry finish. Lager or ale yeast fermented at cool ale temperatures,
followed by long cold conditioning (4-6 weeks for
commercial operations). Soft water. Floral, herbal or spicy continental
hops.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.060 – 1.080
IBUs:
18 – 28
FG:
1.008 – 1.016
SRM:
6 – 19
ABV:
6 – 8.5%
Commercial Examples: Jenlain (amber), Jenlain Bière de Printemps
(blond), St. Amand (brown), Ch’Ti Brun (brown), Ch’Ti
Blond (blond), La Choulette (all 3 versions), La Choulette Bière
des Sans Culottes (blond), Saint Sylvestre 3 Monts (blond),
Biere Nouvelle (brown), Castelain (blond), Jade (amber), Brasseurs
Bière de Garde (amber), Southampton Bière de Garde
(amber), Lost Abbey Avante Garde (blond)
Aroma: Variable. Most exhibit varying amounts of fruity esters,
spicy phenols and/or yeast-borne aromatics. Aromas
from actual spice additions may be present. Hop aroma may
be none to high, and may include a dry-hopped character.
Malt aroma may be low to high, and may include character of
non-barley grains such as wheat or rye. Some may include
aromas of Belgian microbiota, most commonly Brettanomyces
and/or Lactobacillus. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Variable. Color varies considerably from pale
gold to very dark. Clarity may be hazy to clear. Head retention
is usually good. Generally moderate to high carbonation.
Flavor: Variable. A great variety of flavors are found in these
beers. Maltiness may be light to quite rich. Hop flavor and
bitterness may be low to high. Spicy flavors may be imparted
by yeast (phenolics) and/or actual spice additions. May include
characteristics of grains other than barley, such as wheat
or rye. May include flavors produced by Belgian microbiota
such as Brettanomyces or Lactobacillus. May include flavors
from adjuncts such as caramelized sugar syrup or honey.
Mouthfeel: Variable. Some are well-attenuated, thus fairly
light-bodied for their original gravity, while others are thick
and rich. Most are moderately to highly carbonated. A warming
sensation from alcohol may be present in stronger examples.
A “mouth puckering” sensation may be present from
acidity.
Overall Impression: Variable. This category encompasses a
wide range of Belgian ales produced by truly artisanal brewers
more concerned with creating unique products than in increasing
sales.
History: Unique beers of small, independent Belgian breweries
that have come to enjoy local popularity but may be far less
well-known outside of their own regions. Many have attained
“cult status” in the U.S. (and other parts of the world) and
now owe a significant portion of their sales to export.
Comments: This is a catch-all category for any Belgian-style
beer not fitting any other Belgian style category. The category
can be used for clones of specific beers (e.g., Orval, La
Chouffe); to produce a beer fitting a broader style that doesn’t
have its own category; or to create an artisanal or experimental
beer of the brewer’s own choosing (e.g., strong Belgian golden
ale with spices, something unique). Creativity is the only limit
in brewing but the entrants must identify what is special about
their entry. This category may be used as an “incubator” for
recognized styles for which there is not yet a formal BJCP
category. Some styles falling into this classification include:
• Blond Trappist table beer
• Artisanal Blond
• Artisanal Amber
• Artisanal Brown
• Belgian-style Barleywines
• Trappist Quadrupels
• Belgian Spiced Christmas Beers
• Belgian Stout
• Belgian IPA
• Strong and/or Dark Saison
• Fruit-based Flanders Red/Brown
The judges must understand the brewer’s intent in order to properly
judge an entry in this category. THE BREWER MUST SPECIFY
EITHER THE BEER BEING CLONED, THE NEW STYLE BEING
PRODUCED OR THE SPECIAL INGREDIENTS OR
PROCESSES USED. Additional background information on the
style and/or beer may be provided to judges to assist in the judging,
including style parameters or detailed descriptions of the beer. Beers
fitting other Belgian categories should not be entered in this
category.
Ingredients: May include herbs and/or spices. May include
unusual grains and malts, though the grain character should
be apparent if it is a key ingredient. May include adjuncts such
as caramelized sugar syrup and honey. May include Belgian
microbiota such as Brettanomyces or Lactobacillus. Unusual
techniques, such as blending, may be used through primarily
to arrive at a particular result. The process alone does not
make a beer unique to a blind judging panel if the final product
does not taste different.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
varies
IBUs:
varies
FG:
varies
SRM:
varies
ABV:
varies
Commercial Examples: Orval; De Dolle’s Arabier, Oerbier,
Boskeun and Stille Nacht; La Chouffe, McChouffe, Chouffe
Bok and N’ice Chouffe; Ellezelloise Hercule Stout and
Quintine Amber; Unibroue Ephemere, Maudite, Don de Dieu,
etc.; Minty; Zatte Bie; Caracole Amber, Saxo and Nostradamus;
Silenrieu Sara and Joseph; Fantôme Black Ghost and
Speciale Noël; Dupont Moinette, Moinette Brune, and Avec
Les Bons Voeux de la Brasserie Dupont; St. Fullien Noël;
Gouden Carolus Noël; Affligem Nöel; Guldenburg and Pere
Noël; De Ranke XX Bitter and Guldenberg; Poperings Hommelbier;
Bush (Scaldis); Moinette Brune; Grottenbier; La
Trappe Quadrupel; Weyerbacher QUAD; Bière de Miel; Verboden
Vrucht; New Belgium 1554 Black Ale; Cantillon Iris;
Russian River Temptation; Lost Abbey Cuvee de Tomme and
Devotion, Lindemans Kriek and Framboise, and many more
spicy phenols and/or yeast-borne aromatics. Aromas
from actual spice additions may be present. Hop aroma may
be none to high, and may include a dry-hopped character.
Malt aroma may be low to high, and may include character of
non-barley grains such as wheat or rye. Some may include
aromas of Belgian microbiota, most commonly Brettanomyces
and/or Lactobacillus. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Variable. Color varies considerably from pale
gold to very dark. Clarity may be hazy to clear. Head retention
is usually good. Generally moderate to high carbonation.
Flavor: Variable. A great variety of flavors are found in these
beers. Maltiness may be light to quite rich. Hop flavor and
bitterness may be low to high. Spicy flavors may be imparted
by yeast (phenolics) and/or actual spice additions. May include
characteristics of grains other than barley, such as wheat
or rye. May include flavors produced by Belgian microbiota
such as Brettanomyces or Lactobacillus. May include flavors
from adjuncts such as caramelized sugar syrup or honey.
Mouthfeel: Variable. Some are well-attenuated, thus fairly
light-bodied for their original gravity, while others are thick
and rich. Most are moderately to highly carbonated. A warming
sensation from alcohol may be present in stronger examples.
A “mouth puckering” sensation may be present from
acidity.
Overall Impression: Variable. This category encompasses a
wide range of Belgian ales produced by truly artisanal brewers
more concerned with creating unique products than in increasing
sales.
History: Unique beers of small, independent Belgian breweries
that have come to enjoy local popularity but may be far less
well-known outside of their own regions. Many have attained
“cult status” in the U.S. (and other parts of the world) and
now owe a significant portion of their sales to export.
Comments: This is a catch-all category for any Belgian-style
beer not fitting any other Belgian style category. The category
can be used for clones of specific beers (e.g., Orval, La
Chouffe); to produce a beer fitting a broader style that doesn’t
have its own category; or to create an artisanal or experimental
beer of the brewer’s own choosing (e.g., strong Belgian golden
ale with spices, something unique). Creativity is the only limit
in brewing but the entrants must identify what is special about
their entry. This category may be used as an “incubator” for
recognized styles for which there is not yet a formal BJCP
category. Some styles falling into this classification include:
• Blond Trappist table beer
• Artisanal Blond
• Artisanal Amber
• Artisanal Brown
• Belgian-style Barleywines
• Trappist Quadrupels
• Belgian Spiced Christmas Beers
• Belgian Stout
• Belgian IPA
• Strong and/or Dark Saison
• Fruit-based Flanders Red/Brown
The judges must understand the brewer’s intent in order to properly
judge an entry in this category. THE BREWER MUST SPECIFY
EITHER THE BEER BEING CLONED, THE NEW STYLE BEING
PRODUCED OR THE SPECIAL INGREDIENTS OR
PROCESSES USED. Additional background information on the
style and/or beer may be provided to judges to assist in the judging,
including style parameters or detailed descriptions of the beer. Beers
fitting other Belgian categories should not be entered in this
category.
Ingredients: May include herbs and/or spices. May include
unusual grains and malts, though the grain character should
be apparent if it is a key ingredient. May include adjuncts such
as caramelized sugar syrup and honey. May include Belgian
microbiota such as Brettanomyces or Lactobacillus. Unusual
techniques, such as blending, may be used through primarily
to arrive at a particular result. The process alone does not
make a beer unique to a blind judging panel if the final product
does not taste different.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
varies
IBUs:
varies
FG:
varies
SRM:
varies
ABV:
varies
Commercial Examples: Orval; De Dolle’s Arabier, Oerbier,
Boskeun and Stille Nacht; La Chouffe, McChouffe, Chouffe
Bok and N’ice Chouffe; Ellezelloise Hercule Stout and
Quintine Amber; Unibroue Ephemere, Maudite, Don de Dieu,
etc.; Minty; Zatte Bie; Caracole Amber, Saxo and Nostradamus;
Silenrieu Sara and Joseph; Fantôme Black Ghost and
Speciale Noël; Dupont Moinette, Moinette Brune, and Avec
Les Bons Voeux de la Brasserie Dupont; St. Fullien Noël;
Gouden Carolus Noël; Affligem Nöel; Guldenburg and Pere
Noël; De Ranke XX Bitter and Guldenberg; Poperings Hommelbier;
Bush (Scaldis); Moinette Brune; Grottenbier; La
Trappe Quadrupel; Weyerbacher QUAD; Bière de Miel; Verboden
Vrucht; New Belgium 1554 Black Ale; Cantillon Iris;
Russian River Temptation; Lost Abbey Cuvee de Tomme and
Devotion, Lindemans Kriek and Framboise, and many more
17A. Berliner Weisse
17B. Flanders Red Ale
17C. Flanders Brown Ale/Oud Bruin
17D. Straight (Unblended) Lambic
17E. Gueuze
17F. Fruit Lambic
18. Belgian Strong Ale
Aroma: A sharply sour, somewhat acidic character is dominant.
Can have up to a moderately fruity character. The fruitiness
may increase with age and a flowery character may develop.
A mild Brettanomyces aroma may be present. No hop
aroma, diacetyl, or DMS.
Appearance: Very pale straw in color. Clarity ranges from
clear to somewhat hazy. Large, dense, white head with poor
retention due to high acidity and low protein and hop content.
Always effervescent.
Flavor: Clean lactic sourness dominates and can be quite
strong, although not so acidic as a lambic. Some complementary
bready or grainy wheat flavor is generally noticeable.
Hop bitterness is very low. A mild Brettanomyces character
may be detected, as may a restrained fruitiness (both are optional).
No hop flavor. No diacetyl or DMS.
Mouthfeel: Light body. Very dry finish. Very high carbonation.
No sensation of alcohol.
Overall Impression: A very pale, sour, refreshing, low-alcohol
wheat ale.
History: A regional specialty of Berlin; referred to by Napoleon's
troops in 1809 as “the Champagne of the North” due to
its lively and elegant character. Only two traditional breweries
still produce the product.
Comments: In Germany, it is classified as a Schankbier denoting
a small beer of starting gravity in the range 7-8°P. Often
served with the addition of a shot of sugar syrups (‘mit
schuss’) flavored with raspberry (‘himbeer’) or woodruff
(‘waldmeister’) or even mixed with Pils to counter the substantial
sourness. Has been described by some as the most
purely refreshing beer in the world.
Ingredients: Wheat malt content is typically 50% of the grist
(as with all German wheat beers) with the remainder being
Pilsner malt. A symbiotic fermentation with top-fermenting
yeast and Lactobacillus delbruckii provides the sharp sourness,
which may be enhanced by blending of beers of different ages
during fermentation and by extended cool aging. Hop bitterness
is extremely low. A single decoction mash with mash
hopping is traditional.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.028 – 1.032
IBUs:
3 – 8
FG:
1.003 – 1.006
SRM:
2 – 3
ABV:
2.8 – 3.8%
Commercial Examples: Schultheiss Berliner Weisse, Berliner
Kindl Weisse, Nodding Head Berliner Weisse, Weihenstephan
1809 (unusual in its 5% ABV), Bahnhof Berliner Style Weisse,
Southampton Berliner Weisse, Bethlehem Berliner Weisse,
Three Floyds Deesko
Can have up to a moderately fruity character. The fruitiness
may increase with age and a flowery character may develop.
A mild Brettanomyces aroma may be present. No hop
aroma, diacetyl, or DMS.
Appearance: Very pale straw in color. Clarity ranges from
clear to somewhat hazy. Large, dense, white head with poor
retention due to high acidity and low protein and hop content.
Always effervescent.
Flavor: Clean lactic sourness dominates and can be quite
strong, although not so acidic as a lambic. Some complementary
bready or grainy wheat flavor is generally noticeable.
Hop bitterness is very low. A mild Brettanomyces character
may be detected, as may a restrained fruitiness (both are optional).
No hop flavor. No diacetyl or DMS.
Mouthfeel: Light body. Very dry finish. Very high carbonation.
No sensation of alcohol.
Overall Impression: A very pale, sour, refreshing, low-alcohol
wheat ale.
History: A regional specialty of Berlin; referred to by Napoleon's
troops in 1809 as “the Champagne of the North” due to
its lively and elegant character. Only two traditional breweries
still produce the product.
Comments: In Germany, it is classified as a Schankbier denoting
a small beer of starting gravity in the range 7-8°P. Often
served with the addition of a shot of sugar syrups (‘mit
schuss’) flavored with raspberry (‘himbeer’) or woodruff
(‘waldmeister’) or even mixed with Pils to counter the substantial
sourness. Has been described by some as the most
purely refreshing beer in the world.
Ingredients: Wheat malt content is typically 50% of the grist
(as with all German wheat beers) with the remainder being
Pilsner malt. A symbiotic fermentation with top-fermenting
yeast and Lactobacillus delbruckii provides the sharp sourness,
which may be enhanced by blending of beers of different ages
during fermentation and by extended cool aging. Hop bitterness
is extremely low. A single decoction mash with mash
hopping is traditional.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.028 – 1.032
IBUs:
3 – 8
FG:
1.003 – 1.006
SRM:
2 – 3
ABV:
2.8 – 3.8%
Commercial Examples: Schultheiss Berliner Weisse, Berliner
Kindl Weisse, Nodding Head Berliner Weisse, Weihenstephan
1809 (unusual in its 5% ABV), Bahnhof Berliner Style Weisse,
Southampton Berliner Weisse, Bethlehem Berliner Weisse,
Three Floyds Deesko
Aroma: Complex fruitiness with complementary malt. Fruitiness
is high, and reminiscent of black cherries, oranges, plums
or red currants. There is often some vanilla and/or chocolate
notes. Spicy phenols can be present in low amounts for complexity.
The sour, acidic aroma ranges from complementary to
intense. No hop aroma. Diacetyl is perceived only in very minor
quantities, if at all, as a complementary aroma.
Appearance: Deep red, burgundy to reddish-brown in color.
Good clarity. White to very pale tan head. Average to good
head retention.
Flavor: Intense fruitiness commonly includes plum, orange,
black cherry or red currant flavors. A mild vanilla and/or
chocolate character is often present. Spicy phenols can be present
in low amounts for complexity. Sour, acidic character
ranges from complementary to intense. Malty flavors range
from complementary to prominent. Generally as the sour
character increases, the sweet character blends to more of a
background flavor (and vice versa). No hop flavor. Restrained
hop bitterness. An acidic, tannic bitterness is often present in
low to moderate amounts, and adds an aged red wine-like
character with a long, dry finish. Diacetyl is perceived only in
very minor quantities, if at all, as a complementary flavor.
Mouthfeel: Medium bodied. Low to medium carbonation.
Low to medium astringency, like a well-aged red wine, often
with a prickly acidity. Deceivingly light and crisp on the palate
although a somewhat sweet finish is not uncommon.
Overall Impression: A complex, sour, red wine-like Belgianstyle
ale.
History: The indigenous beer of West Flanders, typified by the
products of the Rodenbach brewery, established in 1820 in
West Flanders but reflective of earlier brewing traditions. The
beer is aged for up to two years, often in huge oaken barrels
which contain the resident bacteria necessary to sour the beer.
It was once common in Belgium and England to blend old
beer with young to balance the sourness and acidity found in
aged beer. While blending of batches for consistency is now
common among larger breweries, this type of blending is a
fading art.
Comments: Long aging and blending of young and well-aged
beer often occurs, adding to the smoothness and complexity,
though the aged product is sometimes released as a connoisseur’s
beer. Known as the Burgundy of Belgium, it is more
wine-like than any other beer style. The reddish color is a
product of the malt although an extended, less-than-rolling
portion of the boil may help add an attractive Burgundy hue.
Aging will also darken the beer. The Flanders red is more acetic
and the fruity flavors more reminiscent of a red wine than
an Oud Bruin. Can have an apparent attenuation of up to 98%.
Ingredients: A base of Vienna and/or Munich malts, light to
medium cara-malts, and a small amount of Special B are used
with up to 20% maize. Low alpha acid continental hops are
commonly used (avoid high alpha or distinctive American
hops). Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus and Brettanomyces (and
acetobacter) contribute to the fermentation and eventual flavor.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.048 – 1.057
IBUs:
10 – 25
FG:
1.002 – 1.012
SRM:
10 – 16
ABV:
4.6 – 6.5%
Commercial Examples: Rodenbach Klassiek, Rodenbach
Grand Cru, Bellegems Bruin, Duchesse de Bourgogne, New
Belgium La Folie, Petrus Oud Bruin, Southampton Flanders
Red Ale, Verhaege Vichtenaar, Monk’s Cafe Flanders Red Ale,
New Glarus Enigma, Panil Barriquée, Mestreechs Aajt
is high, and reminiscent of black cherries, oranges, plums
or red currants. There is often some vanilla and/or chocolate
notes. Spicy phenols can be present in low amounts for complexity.
The sour, acidic aroma ranges from complementary to
intense. No hop aroma. Diacetyl is perceived only in very minor
quantities, if at all, as a complementary aroma.
Appearance: Deep red, burgundy to reddish-brown in color.
Good clarity. White to very pale tan head. Average to good
head retention.
Flavor: Intense fruitiness commonly includes plum, orange,
black cherry or red currant flavors. A mild vanilla and/or
chocolate character is often present. Spicy phenols can be present
in low amounts for complexity. Sour, acidic character
ranges from complementary to intense. Malty flavors range
from complementary to prominent. Generally as the sour
character increases, the sweet character blends to more of a
background flavor (and vice versa). No hop flavor. Restrained
hop bitterness. An acidic, tannic bitterness is often present in
low to moderate amounts, and adds an aged red wine-like
character with a long, dry finish. Diacetyl is perceived only in
very minor quantities, if at all, as a complementary flavor.
Mouthfeel: Medium bodied. Low to medium carbonation.
Low to medium astringency, like a well-aged red wine, often
with a prickly acidity. Deceivingly light and crisp on the palate
although a somewhat sweet finish is not uncommon.
Overall Impression: A complex, sour, red wine-like Belgianstyle
ale.
History: The indigenous beer of West Flanders, typified by the
products of the Rodenbach brewery, established in 1820 in
West Flanders but reflective of earlier brewing traditions. The
beer is aged for up to two years, often in huge oaken barrels
which contain the resident bacteria necessary to sour the beer.
It was once common in Belgium and England to blend old
beer with young to balance the sourness and acidity found in
aged beer. While blending of batches for consistency is now
common among larger breweries, this type of blending is a
fading art.
Comments: Long aging and blending of young and well-aged
beer often occurs, adding to the smoothness and complexity,
though the aged product is sometimes released as a connoisseur’s
beer. Known as the Burgundy of Belgium, it is more
wine-like than any other beer style. The reddish color is a
product of the malt although an extended, less-than-rolling
portion of the boil may help add an attractive Burgundy hue.
Aging will also darken the beer. The Flanders red is more acetic
and the fruity flavors more reminiscent of a red wine than
an Oud Bruin. Can have an apparent attenuation of up to 98%.
Ingredients: A base of Vienna and/or Munich malts, light to
medium cara-malts, and a small amount of Special B are used
with up to 20% maize. Low alpha acid continental hops are
commonly used (avoid high alpha or distinctive American
hops). Saccharomyces, Lactobacillus and Brettanomyces (and
acetobacter) contribute to the fermentation and eventual flavor.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.048 – 1.057
IBUs:
10 – 25
FG:
1.002 – 1.012
SRM:
10 – 16
ABV:
4.6 – 6.5%
Commercial Examples: Rodenbach Klassiek, Rodenbach
Grand Cru, Bellegems Bruin, Duchesse de Bourgogne, New
Belgium La Folie, Petrus Oud Bruin, Southampton Flanders
Red Ale, Verhaege Vichtenaar, Monk’s Cafe Flanders Red Ale,
New Glarus Enigma, Panil Barriquée, Mestreechs Aajt
Aroma: Complex combination of fruity esters and rich malt
character. Esters commonly reminiscent of raisins, plums, figs,
dates, black cherries or prunes. A malt character of caramel,
toffee, orange, treacle or chocolate is also common. Spicy phenols
can be present in low amounts for complexity. A sherrylike
character may be present and generally denotes an aged
example. A low sour aroma may be present, and can modestly
increase with age but should not grow to a noticeable acetic/
vinegary character. Hop aroma absent. Diacetyl is perceived
only in very minor quantities, if at all, as a complementary
aroma.
Appearance: Dark reddish-brown to brown in color. Good
clarity. Average to good head retention. Ivory to light tan head
color.
Flavor: Malty with fruity complexity and some caramelization
character. Fruitiness commonly includes dark fruits such as
raisins, plums, figs, dates, black cherries or prunes. A malt
character of caramel, toffee, orange, treacle or chocolate is also
common. Spicy phenols can be present in low amounts for
complexity. A slight sourness often becomes more pronounced
in well-aged examples, along with some sherry-like character,
producing a “sweet-and-sour” profile. The sourness should
not grow to a notable acetic/vinegary character. Hop flavor
absent. Restrained hop bitterness. Low oxidation is appropriate
as a point of complexity. Diacetyl is perceived only in very
minor quantities, if at all, as a complementary flavor.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. Low to moderate
carbonation. No astringency with a sweet and tart finish.
Overall Impression: A malty, fruity, aged, somewhat sour
Belgian-style brown ale.
History: An “old ale” tradition, indigenous to East Flanders,
typified by the products of the Liefman brewery (now owned
by Riva), which has roots back to the 1600s. Historically
brewed as a “provision beer” that would develop some sourness
as it aged. These beers were typically more sour than
current commercial examples. While Flanders red beers are
aged in oak, the brown beers are warm aged in stainless steel.
Comments: Long aging and blending of young and aged beer
may occur, adding smoothness and complexity and balancing
any harsh, sour character. A deeper malt character distinguishes
these beers from Flanders red ales. This style was designed
to lay down so examples with a moderate aged character
are considered superior to younger examples. As in fruit
lambics, Oud Bruin can be used as a base for fruit-flavored
beers such as kriek (cherries) or frambozen (raspberries),
though these should be entered in the classic-style fruit beer
category. The Oud Bruin is less acetic and maltier than a Flanders
Red, and the fruity flavors are more malt-oriented.
Ingredients: A base of Pils malt with judicious amounts of
dark cara malts and a tiny bit of black or roast malt. Often
includes maize. Low alpha acid continental hops are typical
(avoid high alpha or distinctive American hops). Saccharomyces
and Lactobacillus (and acetobacter) contribute to the fermentation
and eventual flavor. Lactobacillus reacts poorly to
elevated levels of alcohol. A sour mash or acidulated malt may
also be used to develop the sour character without introducing
Lactobacillus. Water high in carbonates is typical of its home
region and will buffer the acidity of darker malts and the lactic
sourness. Magnesium in the water accentuates the sourness.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.040 – 1.074
IBUs:
20 – 25
FG:
1.008 – 1.012
SRM:
15 – 22
ABV:
4 – 8%
Commercial Examples: Liefman’s Goudenband, Liefman’s
Odnar, Liefman’s Oud Bruin, Ichtegem Old Brown, Riva Vondel
character. Esters commonly reminiscent of raisins, plums, figs,
dates, black cherries or prunes. A malt character of caramel,
toffee, orange, treacle or chocolate is also common. Spicy phenols
can be present in low amounts for complexity. A sherrylike
character may be present and generally denotes an aged
example. A low sour aroma may be present, and can modestly
increase with age but should not grow to a noticeable acetic/
vinegary character. Hop aroma absent. Diacetyl is perceived
only in very minor quantities, if at all, as a complementary
aroma.
Appearance: Dark reddish-brown to brown in color. Good
clarity. Average to good head retention. Ivory to light tan head
color.
Flavor: Malty with fruity complexity and some caramelization
character. Fruitiness commonly includes dark fruits such as
raisins, plums, figs, dates, black cherries or prunes. A malt
character of caramel, toffee, orange, treacle or chocolate is also
common. Spicy phenols can be present in low amounts for
complexity. A slight sourness often becomes more pronounced
in well-aged examples, along with some sherry-like character,
producing a “sweet-and-sour” profile. The sourness should
not grow to a notable acetic/vinegary character. Hop flavor
absent. Restrained hop bitterness. Low oxidation is appropriate
as a point of complexity. Diacetyl is perceived only in very
minor quantities, if at all, as a complementary flavor.
Mouthfeel: Medium to medium-full body. Low to moderate
carbonation. No astringency with a sweet and tart finish.
Overall Impression: A malty, fruity, aged, somewhat sour
Belgian-style brown ale.
History: An “old ale” tradition, indigenous to East Flanders,
typified by the products of the Liefman brewery (now owned
by Riva), which has roots back to the 1600s. Historically
brewed as a “provision beer” that would develop some sourness
as it aged. These beers were typically more sour than
current commercial examples. While Flanders red beers are
aged in oak, the brown beers are warm aged in stainless steel.
Comments: Long aging and blending of young and aged beer
may occur, adding smoothness and complexity and balancing
any harsh, sour character. A deeper malt character distinguishes
these beers from Flanders red ales. This style was designed
to lay down so examples with a moderate aged character
are considered superior to younger examples. As in fruit
lambics, Oud Bruin can be used as a base for fruit-flavored
beers such as kriek (cherries) or frambozen (raspberries),
though these should be entered in the classic-style fruit beer
category. The Oud Bruin is less acetic and maltier than a Flanders
Red, and the fruity flavors are more malt-oriented.
Ingredients: A base of Pils malt with judicious amounts of
dark cara malts and a tiny bit of black or roast malt. Often
includes maize. Low alpha acid continental hops are typical
(avoid high alpha or distinctive American hops). Saccharomyces
and Lactobacillus (and acetobacter) contribute to the fermentation
and eventual flavor. Lactobacillus reacts poorly to
elevated levels of alcohol. A sour mash or acidulated malt may
also be used to develop the sour character without introducing
Lactobacillus. Water high in carbonates is typical of its home
region and will buffer the acidity of darker malts and the lactic
sourness. Magnesium in the water accentuates the sourness.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.040 – 1.074
IBUs:
20 – 25
FG:
1.008 – 1.012
SRM:
15 – 22
ABV:
4 – 8%
Commercial Examples: Liefman’s Goudenband, Liefman’s
Odnar, Liefman’s Oud Bruin, Ichtegem Old Brown, Riva Vondel
Aroma: A decidedly sour/acidic aroma is often dominant in
young examples, but may be more subdued with age as it
blends with aromas described as barnyard, earthy, goaty, hay,
horsey, and horse blanket. A mild oak and/or citrus aroma is
considered favorable. An enteric, smoky, cigar-like, or cheesy
aroma is unfavorable. Older versions are commonly fruity
with aromas of apples or even honey. No hop aroma. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Pale yellow to deep golden in color. Age tends to
darken the beer. Clarity is hazy to good. Younger versions are
often cloudy, while older ones are generally clear. Head retention
is generally poor. Head color is white.
Flavor: Young examples are often noticeably sour and/or lactic,
but aging can bring this character more in balance with the
malt, wheat and barnyard characteristics. Fruity flavors are
simpler in young lambics and more complex in the older examples,
where they are reminiscent of apples or other light
fruits, rhubarb, or honey. Some oak or citrus flavor (often
grapefruit) is occasionally noticeable. An enteric, smoky or
cigar-like character is undesirable. Hop bitterness is low to
none. No hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium-light body. In spite of the low
finishing gravity, the many mouth-filling flavors prevent the
beer from tasting like water. As a rule of thumb lambic dries
with age, which makes dryness a reasonable indicator of age.
Has a medium to high tart, puckering quality without being
sharply astringent. Virtually to completely uncarbonated.
Overall Impression: Complex, sour/acidic, pale, wheat-based
ale fermented by a variety of Belgian microbiota.
History: Spontaneously fermented sour ales from the area in
and around Brussels (the Senne Valley) stem from a farmhouse
brewing tradition several centuries old. Their numbers are
constantly dwindling.
Comments: Straight lambics are single-batch, unblended
beers. Since they are unblended, the straight lambic is often a
true product of the “house character” of a brewery and will be
more variable than a gueuze. They are generally served young
(6 months) and on tap as cheap, easy-drinking beers without
any filling carbonation. Younger versions tend to be onedimensionally
sour since a complex Brett character often takes
upwards of a year to develop. An enteric character is often
indicative of a lambic that is too young. A noticeable vinegary
or cidery character is considered a fault by Belgian brewers.
Since the wild yeast and bacteria will ferment ALL sugars,
they are bottled only when they have completely fermented.
Lambic is served uncarbonated, while gueuze is served effervescent.
IBUs are approximate since aged hops are used; Belgians
use hops for anti-bacterial properties more than bittering
in lambics.
Ingredients: Unmalted wheat (30-40%), Pilsner malt and aged
(surannes) hops (3 years) are used. The aged hops are used
more for preservative effects than bitterness, and makes actual
bitterness levels difficult to estimate. Traditionally these beers
are spontaneously fermented with naturally-occurring yeast
and bacteria in predominately oaken barrels. Home-brewed
and craft-brewed versions are more typically made with pure
cultures of yeast commonly including Saccharomyces, Brettanomyces,
Pediococcus and Lactobacillus in an attempt to
recreate the effects of the dominant microbiota of Brussels and
the surrounding countryside of the Senne River valley. Cultures
taken from bottles are sometimes used but there is no
simple way of knowing what organisms are still viable.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.040 – 1.054
IBUs:
0 – 10
FG:
1.001 – 1.010
SRM:
3 – 7
ABV:
5 – 6.5%
Commercial Examples: The only bottled version readily
available is Cantillon Grand Cru Bruocsella of whatever single
batch vintage the brewer deems worthy to bottle. De Cam
sometimes bottles their very old (5 years) lambic. In and
around Brussels there are specialty cafes that often have
draught lambics from traditional brewers or blenders such as
Boon, De Cam, Cantillon, Drie Fonteinen, Lindemans, Timmermans
and Girardin.
young examples, but may be more subdued with age as it
blends with aromas described as barnyard, earthy, goaty, hay,
horsey, and horse blanket. A mild oak and/or citrus aroma is
considered favorable. An enteric, smoky, cigar-like, or cheesy
aroma is unfavorable. Older versions are commonly fruity
with aromas of apples or even honey. No hop aroma. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Pale yellow to deep golden in color. Age tends to
darken the beer. Clarity is hazy to good. Younger versions are
often cloudy, while older ones are generally clear. Head retention
is generally poor. Head color is white.
Flavor: Young examples are often noticeably sour and/or lactic,
but aging can bring this character more in balance with the
malt, wheat and barnyard characteristics. Fruity flavors are
simpler in young lambics and more complex in the older examples,
where they are reminiscent of apples or other light
fruits, rhubarb, or honey. Some oak or citrus flavor (often
grapefruit) is occasionally noticeable. An enteric, smoky or
cigar-like character is undesirable. Hop bitterness is low to
none. No hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium-light body. In spite of the low
finishing gravity, the many mouth-filling flavors prevent the
beer from tasting like water. As a rule of thumb lambic dries
with age, which makes dryness a reasonable indicator of age.
Has a medium to high tart, puckering quality without being
sharply astringent. Virtually to completely uncarbonated.
Overall Impression: Complex, sour/acidic, pale, wheat-based
ale fermented by a variety of Belgian microbiota.
History: Spontaneously fermented sour ales from the area in
and around Brussels (the Senne Valley) stem from a farmhouse
brewing tradition several centuries old. Their numbers are
constantly dwindling.
Comments: Straight lambics are single-batch, unblended
beers. Since they are unblended, the straight lambic is often a
true product of the “house character” of a brewery and will be
more variable than a gueuze. They are generally served young
(6 months) and on tap as cheap, easy-drinking beers without
any filling carbonation. Younger versions tend to be onedimensionally
sour since a complex Brett character often takes
upwards of a year to develop. An enteric character is often
indicative of a lambic that is too young. A noticeable vinegary
or cidery character is considered a fault by Belgian brewers.
Since the wild yeast and bacteria will ferment ALL sugars,
they are bottled only when they have completely fermented.
Lambic is served uncarbonated, while gueuze is served effervescent.
IBUs are approximate since aged hops are used; Belgians
use hops for anti-bacterial properties more than bittering
in lambics.
Ingredients: Unmalted wheat (30-40%), Pilsner malt and aged
(surannes) hops (3 years) are used. The aged hops are used
more for preservative effects than bitterness, and makes actual
bitterness levels difficult to estimate. Traditionally these beers
are spontaneously fermented with naturally-occurring yeast
and bacteria in predominately oaken barrels. Home-brewed
and craft-brewed versions are more typically made with pure
cultures of yeast commonly including Saccharomyces, Brettanomyces,
Pediococcus and Lactobacillus in an attempt to
recreate the effects of the dominant microbiota of Brussels and
the surrounding countryside of the Senne River valley. Cultures
taken from bottles are sometimes used but there is no
simple way of knowing what organisms are still viable.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.040 – 1.054
IBUs:
0 – 10
FG:
1.001 – 1.010
SRM:
3 – 7
ABV:
5 – 6.5%
Commercial Examples: The only bottled version readily
available is Cantillon Grand Cru Bruocsella of whatever single
batch vintage the brewer deems worthy to bottle. De Cam
sometimes bottles their very old (5 years) lambic. In and
around Brussels there are specialty cafes that often have
draught lambics from traditional brewers or blenders such as
Boon, De Cam, Cantillon, Drie Fonteinen, Lindemans, Timmermans
and Girardin.
Aroma: A moderately sour/acidic aroma blends with aromas
described as barnyard, earthy, goaty, hay, horsey, and horse
blanket. While some may be more dominantly sour/acidic,
balance is the key and denotes a better gueuze. Commonly
fruity with aromas of citrus fruits (often grapefruit), apples or
other light fruits, rhubarb, or honey. A very mild oak aroma is
considered favorable. An enteric, smoky, cigar-like, or cheesy
aroma is unfavorable. No hop aroma. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Golden in color. Clarity is excellent (unless the
bottle was shaken). A thick rocky, mousse-like, white head
seems to last forever. Always effervescent.
Flavor: A moderately sour/acidic character is classically in
balance with the malt, wheat and barnyard characteristics. A
low, complementary sweetness may be present but higher
levels are uncharacteristic. While some may be more dominantly
sour, balance is the key and denotes a better gueuze. A
varied fruit flavor is common, and can have a honey-like character.
A mild vanilla and/or oak flavor is occasionally noticeable.
An enteric, smoky or cigar-like character is undesirable.
Hop bitterness is generally absent but a very low hop bitterness
may occasionally be perceived. No hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium-light body. In spite of the low
finishing gravity, the many mouth-filling flavors prevent the
beer from tasting like water. Has a low to high tart, puckering
quality without being sharply astringent. Some versions have
a low warming character. Highly carbonated.
Overall Impression: Complex, pleasantly sour/acidic, balanced,
pale, wheat-based ale fermented by a variety of Belgian
microbiota.
History: Spontaneously fermented sour ales from the area in
and around Brussels (the Senne Valley) stem from a farmhouse
brewing tradition several centuries old. Their numbers are
constantly dwindling and some are untraditionally sweetening
their products (post-fermentation) to make them more
palatable to a wider audience.
Comments: Gueuze is traditionally produced by mixing one,
two, and three-year old lambic. “Young” lambic contains fermentable
sugars while old lambic has the characteristic “wild”
taste of the Senne River valley. A good gueuze is not the most
pungent, but possesses a full and tantalizing bouquet, a sharp
aroma, and a soft, velvety flavor. Lambic is served uncarbonated,
while gueuze is served effervescent. IBUs are approximate
since aged hops are used; Belgians use hops for antibacterial
properties more than bittering in lambics. Products
marked “oude” or “ville” are considered most traditional.
Ingredients: Unmalted wheat (30-40%), Pilsner malt and aged
(surannes) hops (3 years) are used. The aged hops are used
more for preservative effects than bitterness, and makes actual
bitterness levels difficult to estimate. Traditionally these beers
are spontaneously fermented with naturally-occurring yeast
and bacteria in predominately oaken barrels. Home-brewed
and craft-brewed versions are more typically made with pure
cultures of yeast commonly including Saccharomyces, Brettanomyces,
Pediococcus and Lactobacillus in an attempt to
recreate the effects of the dominant microbiota of Brussels and
the surrounding countryside of the Senne River valley. Cultures
taken from bottles are sometimes used but there is no
simple way of knowing what organisms are still viable.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.040 – 1.060
IBUs:
0 – 10
FG:
1.000 – 1.006
SRM:
3 – 7
ABV:
5 – 8%
Commercial Examples: Boon Oude Gueuze, Boon Oude
Gueuze Mariage Parfait, De Cam Gueuze, De Cam/Drei Fonteinen
Millennium Gueuze, Drie Fonteinen Oud Gueuze, Cantillon
Gueuze, Hanssens Oude Gueuze, Lindemans Gueuze
Cuvée René, Girardin Gueuze (Black Label), Mort Subite (Unfiltered)
Gueuze, Oud Beersel Oude Gueuze
described as barnyard, earthy, goaty, hay, horsey, and horse
blanket. While some may be more dominantly sour/acidic,
balance is the key and denotes a better gueuze. Commonly
fruity with aromas of citrus fruits (often grapefruit), apples or
other light fruits, rhubarb, or honey. A very mild oak aroma is
considered favorable. An enteric, smoky, cigar-like, or cheesy
aroma is unfavorable. No hop aroma. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Golden in color. Clarity is excellent (unless the
bottle was shaken). A thick rocky, mousse-like, white head
seems to last forever. Always effervescent.
Flavor: A moderately sour/acidic character is classically in
balance with the malt, wheat and barnyard characteristics. A
low, complementary sweetness may be present but higher
levels are uncharacteristic. While some may be more dominantly
sour, balance is the key and denotes a better gueuze. A
varied fruit flavor is common, and can have a honey-like character.
A mild vanilla and/or oak flavor is occasionally noticeable.
An enteric, smoky or cigar-like character is undesirable.
Hop bitterness is generally absent but a very low hop bitterness
may occasionally be perceived. No hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium-light body. In spite of the low
finishing gravity, the many mouth-filling flavors prevent the
beer from tasting like water. Has a low to high tart, puckering
quality without being sharply astringent. Some versions have
a low warming character. Highly carbonated.
Overall Impression: Complex, pleasantly sour/acidic, balanced,
pale, wheat-based ale fermented by a variety of Belgian
microbiota.
History: Spontaneously fermented sour ales from the area in
and around Brussels (the Senne Valley) stem from a farmhouse
brewing tradition several centuries old. Their numbers are
constantly dwindling and some are untraditionally sweetening
their products (post-fermentation) to make them more
palatable to a wider audience.
Comments: Gueuze is traditionally produced by mixing one,
two, and three-year old lambic. “Young” lambic contains fermentable
sugars while old lambic has the characteristic “wild”
taste of the Senne River valley. A good gueuze is not the most
pungent, but possesses a full and tantalizing bouquet, a sharp
aroma, and a soft, velvety flavor. Lambic is served uncarbonated,
while gueuze is served effervescent. IBUs are approximate
since aged hops are used; Belgians use hops for antibacterial
properties more than bittering in lambics. Products
marked “oude” or “ville” are considered most traditional.
Ingredients: Unmalted wheat (30-40%), Pilsner malt and aged
(surannes) hops (3 years) are used. The aged hops are used
more for preservative effects than bitterness, and makes actual
bitterness levels difficult to estimate. Traditionally these beers
are spontaneously fermented with naturally-occurring yeast
and bacteria in predominately oaken barrels. Home-brewed
and craft-brewed versions are more typically made with pure
cultures of yeast commonly including Saccharomyces, Brettanomyces,
Pediococcus and Lactobacillus in an attempt to
recreate the effects of the dominant microbiota of Brussels and
the surrounding countryside of the Senne River valley. Cultures
taken from bottles are sometimes used but there is no
simple way of knowing what organisms are still viable.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.040 – 1.060
IBUs:
0 – 10
FG:
1.000 – 1.006
SRM:
3 – 7
ABV:
5 – 8%
Commercial Examples: Boon Oude Gueuze, Boon Oude
Gueuze Mariage Parfait, De Cam Gueuze, De Cam/Drei Fonteinen
Millennium Gueuze, Drie Fonteinen Oud Gueuze, Cantillon
Gueuze, Hanssens Oude Gueuze, Lindemans Gueuze
Cuvée René, Girardin Gueuze (Black Label), Mort Subite (Unfiltered)
Gueuze, Oud Beersel Oude Gueuze
Aroma: The fruit which has been added to the beer should be
the dominant aroma. A low to moderately sour/acidic character
blends with aromas described as barnyard, earthy, goaty,
hay, horsey, and horse blanket (and thus should be recognizable
as a lambic). The fruit aroma commonly blends with the
other aromas. An enteric, smoky, cigar-like, or cheesy aroma is
unfavorable. No hop aroma. No diacetyl.
Appearance: The variety of fruit generally determines the
color though lighter-colored fruit may have little effect on the
color. The color intensity may fade with age. Clarity is often
good, although some fruit will not drop bright. A thick rocky,
mousse-like head, sometimes a shade of fruit, is generally
long-lasting. Always effervescent.
Flavor: The fruit added to the beer should be evident. A low to
moderate sour and more commonly (sometimes high) acidic
character is present. The classic barnyard characteristics may
be low to high. When young, the beer will present its full
fruity taste. As it ages, the lambic taste will become dominant
at the expense of the fruit character—thus fruit lambics are not
intended for long aging. A low, complementary sweetness
may be present, but higher levels are uncharacteristic. A mild
vanilla and/or oak flavor is occasionally noticeable. An enteric,
smoky or cigar-like character is undesirable. Hop bitterness
is generally absent. No hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium-light body. In spite of the low
finishing gravity, the many mouth-filling flavors prevent the
beer from tasting like water. Has a low to high tart, puckering
quality without being sharply astringent. Some versions have
a low warming character. Highly carbonated.
Overall Impression: Complex, fruity, pleasantly sour/acidic,
balanced, pale, wheat-based ale fermented by a variety of Belgian
microbiota. A lambic with fruit, not just a fruit beer.
History: Spontaneously fermented sour ales from the area in
and around Brussels (the Senne Valley) stem from a farmhouse
brewing tradition several centuries old. Their numbers are
constantly dwindling and some are untraditionally sweetening
their products (post-fermentation) with sugar or sweet
fruit to make them more palatable to a wider audience. Fruit
was traditionally added to lambic or gueuze, either by the
blender or publican, to increase the variety of beers available
in local cafes.
Comments: Fruit-based lambics are often produced like
gueuze by mixing one, two, and three-year old lambic.
“Young” lambic contains fermentable sugars while old lambic
has the characteristic “wild” taste of the Senne River valley.
Fruit is commonly added halfway through aging and the yeast
and bacteria will ferment all sugars from the fruit. Fruit may
also be added to unblended lambic. The most traditional styles
of fruit lambics include kriek (cherries), framboise (raspberries)
and druivenlambik (muscat grapes). ENTRANT MUST
SPECIFY THE TYPE OF FRUIT(S) USED IN MAKING THE
LAMBIC. Any overly sweet lambics (e.g., Lindemans or Belle
Vue clones) would do better entered in the 16E Belgian Specialty
category since this category does not describe beers with
that character. IBUs are approximate since aged hops are used;
Belgians use hops for anti-bacterial properties more than bittering
in lambics.
Ingredients: Unmalted wheat (30-40%), Pilsner malt and aged
(surannes) hops (3 years) are used. The aged hops are used
more for preservative effects than bitterness, and makes actual
bitterness levels difficult to estimate. Traditional products use
10-30% fruit (25%, if cherry). Fruits traditionally used include
tart cherries (with pits), raspberries or Muscat grapes. More
recent examples include peaches, apricots or merlot grapes.
Tart or acidic fruit is traditionally used as its purpose is not to
sweeten the beer but to add a new dimension. Traditionally
these beers are spontaneously fermented with naturallyoccurring
yeast and bacteria in predominately oaken barrels.
Home-brewed and craft-brewed versions are more typically
made with pure cultures of yeast commonly including Saccharomyces,
Brettanomyces, Pediococcus and Lactobacillus in an
attempt to recreate the effects of the dominant microbiota of
Brussels and the surrounding countryside of the Senne River
valley. Cultures taken from bottles are sometimes used but
there is no simple way of knowing what organisms are still
viable.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.040 – 1.060
IBUs:
0 – 10
FG:
1.000 – 1.010
SRM:
3 – 7 (varies w/ fruit)
ABV:
5 – 7%
Commercial Examples: Boon Framboise Marriage Parfait,
Boon Kriek Mariage Parfait, Boon Oude Kriek, Cantillon Fou’
Foune (apricot), Cantillon Kriek, Cantillon Lou Pepe Kriek,
Cantillon Lou Pepe Framboise, Cantillon Rose de Gambrinus,
Cantillon St. Lamvinus (merlot grape), Cantillon Vigneronne
(Muscat grape), De Cam Oude Kriek, Drie Fonteinen Kriek,
Girardin Kriek, Hanssens Oude Kriek, Oud Beersel Kriek,
Mort Subite Kriek
the dominant aroma. A low to moderately sour/acidic character
blends with aromas described as barnyard, earthy, goaty,
hay, horsey, and horse blanket (and thus should be recognizable
as a lambic). The fruit aroma commonly blends with the
other aromas. An enteric, smoky, cigar-like, or cheesy aroma is
unfavorable. No hop aroma. No diacetyl.
Appearance: The variety of fruit generally determines the
color though lighter-colored fruit may have little effect on the
color. The color intensity may fade with age. Clarity is often
good, although some fruit will not drop bright. A thick rocky,
mousse-like head, sometimes a shade of fruit, is generally
long-lasting. Always effervescent.
Flavor: The fruit added to the beer should be evident. A low to
moderate sour and more commonly (sometimes high) acidic
character is present. The classic barnyard characteristics may
be low to high. When young, the beer will present its full
fruity taste. As it ages, the lambic taste will become dominant
at the expense of the fruit character—thus fruit lambics are not
intended for long aging. A low, complementary sweetness
may be present, but higher levels are uncharacteristic. A mild
vanilla and/or oak flavor is occasionally noticeable. An enteric,
smoky or cigar-like character is undesirable. Hop bitterness
is generally absent. No hop flavor. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Light to medium-light body. In spite of the low
finishing gravity, the many mouth-filling flavors prevent the
beer from tasting like water. Has a low to high tart, puckering
quality without being sharply astringent. Some versions have
a low warming character. Highly carbonated.
Overall Impression: Complex, fruity, pleasantly sour/acidic,
balanced, pale, wheat-based ale fermented by a variety of Belgian
microbiota. A lambic with fruit, not just a fruit beer.
History: Spontaneously fermented sour ales from the area in
and around Brussels (the Senne Valley) stem from a farmhouse
brewing tradition several centuries old. Their numbers are
constantly dwindling and some are untraditionally sweetening
their products (post-fermentation) with sugar or sweet
fruit to make them more palatable to a wider audience. Fruit
was traditionally added to lambic or gueuze, either by the
blender or publican, to increase the variety of beers available
in local cafes.
Comments: Fruit-based lambics are often produced like
gueuze by mixing one, two, and three-year old lambic.
“Young” lambic contains fermentable sugars while old lambic
has the characteristic “wild” taste of the Senne River valley.
Fruit is commonly added halfway through aging and the yeast
and bacteria will ferment all sugars from the fruit. Fruit may
also be added to unblended lambic. The most traditional styles
of fruit lambics include kriek (cherries), framboise (raspberries)
and druivenlambik (muscat grapes). ENTRANT MUST
SPECIFY THE TYPE OF FRUIT(S) USED IN MAKING THE
LAMBIC. Any overly sweet lambics (e.g., Lindemans or Belle
Vue clones) would do better entered in the 16E Belgian Specialty
category since this category does not describe beers with
that character. IBUs are approximate since aged hops are used;
Belgians use hops for anti-bacterial properties more than bittering
in lambics.
Ingredients: Unmalted wheat (30-40%), Pilsner malt and aged
(surannes) hops (3 years) are used. The aged hops are used
more for preservative effects than bitterness, and makes actual
bitterness levels difficult to estimate. Traditional products use
10-30% fruit (25%, if cherry). Fruits traditionally used include
tart cherries (with pits), raspberries or Muscat grapes. More
recent examples include peaches, apricots or merlot grapes.
Tart or acidic fruit is traditionally used as its purpose is not to
sweeten the beer but to add a new dimension. Traditionally
these beers are spontaneously fermented with naturallyoccurring
yeast and bacteria in predominately oaken barrels.
Home-brewed and craft-brewed versions are more typically
made with pure cultures of yeast commonly including Saccharomyces,
Brettanomyces, Pediococcus and Lactobacillus in an
attempt to recreate the effects of the dominant microbiota of
Brussels and the surrounding countryside of the Senne River
valley. Cultures taken from bottles are sometimes used but
there is no simple way of knowing what organisms are still
viable.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.040 – 1.060
IBUs:
0 – 10
FG:
1.000 – 1.010
SRM:
3 – 7 (varies w/ fruit)
ABV:
5 – 7%
Commercial Examples: Boon Framboise Marriage Parfait,
Boon Kriek Mariage Parfait, Boon Oude Kriek, Cantillon Fou’
Foune (apricot), Cantillon Kriek, Cantillon Lou Pepe Kriek,
Cantillon Lou Pepe Framboise, Cantillon Rose de Gambrinus,
Cantillon St. Lamvinus (merlot grape), Cantillon Vigneronne
(Muscat grape), De Cam Oude Kriek, Drie Fonteinen Kriek,
Girardin Kriek, Hanssens Oude Kriek, Oud Beersel Kriek,
Mort Subite Kriek
18A. Belgian Blond Ale
18B. Belgian Dubbel
18C. Belgian Tripel
18D. Belgian Golden Strong Ale
18E. Belgian Dark Strong Ale
19. Strong Ale
Aroma: Light earthy or spicy hop nose, along with a lightly
sweet Pils malt character. Shows a subtle yeast character that
may include spicy phenolics, perfumy or honey-like alcohol,
or yeasty, fruity esters (commonly orange-like or lemony).
Light sweetness that may have a slightly sugar-like character.
Subtle yet complex.
Appearance: Light to deep gold color. Generally very clear.
Large, dense, and creamy white to off-white head. Good head
retention with Belgian lace.
Flavor: Smooth, light to moderate Pils malt sweetness initially,
but finishes medium-dry to dry with some smooth alcohol
becoming evident in the aftertaste. Medium hop and alcohol
bitterness to balance. Light hop flavor, can be spicy or earthy.
Very soft yeast character (esters and alcohols, which are sometimes
perfumy or orange/lemon-like). Light spicy phenolics
optional. Some lightly caramelized sugar or honey-like sweetness
on palate.
Mouthfeel: Medium-high to high carbonation, can give
mouth-filling bubbly sensation. Medium body. Light to moderate
alcohol warmth, but smooth. Can be somewhat creamy.
Overall Impression: A moderate-strength golden ale that has
a subtle Belgian complexity, slightly sweet flavor, and dry finish.
History: Relatively recent development to further appeal to
European Pils drinkers, becoming more popular as it is widely
marketed and distributed.
Comments: Similar strength as a dubbel, similar character as a
Belgian Strong Golden Ale or Tripel, although a bit sweeter
and not as bitter. Often has an almost lager-like character,
which gives it a cleaner profile in comparison to the other
styles. Belgians use the term “Blond,” while the French spell it
“Blonde.” Most commercial examples are in the 6.5 – 7% ABV
range. Many Trappist table beers (singles or Enkels) are called
“Blond” but these are not representative of this style.
Ingredients: Belgian Pils malt, aromatic malts, sugar, Belgian
yeast strains that produce complex alcohol, phenolics and
perfumy esters, noble, Styrian Goldings or East Kent Goldings
hops. No spices are traditionally used, although the ingredients
and fermentation by-products may give an impression of
spicing (often reminiscent of oranges or lemons).
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.062 – 1.075
IBUs:
15 – 30
FG:
1.008 – 1.018
SRM:
4 – 7
ABV:
6 – 7.5%
Commercial Examples: Leffe Blond, Affligem Blond, La
Trappe (Koningshoeven) Blond, Grimbergen Blond, Val-Dieu
Blond, Straffe Hendrik Blonde, Brugse Zot, Pater Lieven Blond
Abbey Ale, Troubadour Blond Ale
sweet Pils malt character. Shows a subtle yeast character that
may include spicy phenolics, perfumy or honey-like alcohol,
or yeasty, fruity esters (commonly orange-like or lemony).
Light sweetness that may have a slightly sugar-like character.
Subtle yet complex.
Appearance: Light to deep gold color. Generally very clear.
Large, dense, and creamy white to off-white head. Good head
retention with Belgian lace.
Flavor: Smooth, light to moderate Pils malt sweetness initially,
but finishes medium-dry to dry with some smooth alcohol
becoming evident in the aftertaste. Medium hop and alcohol
bitterness to balance. Light hop flavor, can be spicy or earthy.
Very soft yeast character (esters and alcohols, which are sometimes
perfumy or orange/lemon-like). Light spicy phenolics
optional. Some lightly caramelized sugar or honey-like sweetness
on palate.
Mouthfeel: Medium-high to high carbonation, can give
mouth-filling bubbly sensation. Medium body. Light to moderate
alcohol warmth, but smooth. Can be somewhat creamy.
Overall Impression: A moderate-strength golden ale that has
a subtle Belgian complexity, slightly sweet flavor, and dry finish.
History: Relatively recent development to further appeal to
European Pils drinkers, becoming more popular as it is widely
marketed and distributed.
Comments: Similar strength as a dubbel, similar character as a
Belgian Strong Golden Ale or Tripel, although a bit sweeter
and not as bitter. Often has an almost lager-like character,
which gives it a cleaner profile in comparison to the other
styles. Belgians use the term “Blond,” while the French spell it
“Blonde.” Most commercial examples are in the 6.5 – 7% ABV
range. Many Trappist table beers (singles or Enkels) are called
“Blond” but these are not representative of this style.
Ingredients: Belgian Pils malt, aromatic malts, sugar, Belgian
yeast strains that produce complex alcohol, phenolics and
perfumy esters, noble, Styrian Goldings or East Kent Goldings
hops. No spices are traditionally used, although the ingredients
and fermentation by-products may give an impression of
spicing (often reminiscent of oranges or lemons).
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.062 – 1.075
IBUs:
15 – 30
FG:
1.008 – 1.018
SRM:
4 – 7
ABV:
6 – 7.5%
Commercial Examples: Leffe Blond, Affligem Blond, La
Trappe (Koningshoeven) Blond, Grimbergen Blond, Val-Dieu
Blond, Straffe Hendrik Blonde, Brugse Zot, Pater Lieven Blond
Abbey Ale, Troubadour Blond Ale
Aroma: Complex, rich malty sweetness; malt may have hints
of chocolate, caramel and/or toast (but never roasted or burnt
aromas). Moderate fruity esters (usually including raisins and
plums, sometimes also dried cherries). Esters sometimes include
banana or apple. Spicy phenols and higher alcohols are
common (may include light clove and spice, peppery, rose-like
and/or perfumy notes). Spicy qualities can be moderate to
very low. Alcohol, if present, is soft and never hot or solventy.
A small number of examples may include a low noble hop
aroma, but hops are usually absent. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Dark amber to copper in color, with an attractive
reddish depth of color. Generally clear. Large, dense, and longlasting
creamy off-white head.
Flavor: Similar qualities as aroma. Rich, complex medium to
medium-full malty sweetness on the palate yet finishes moderately
dry. Complex malt, ester, alcohol and phenol interplay
(raisiny flavors are common; dried fruit flavors are welcome;
clove-like spiciness is optional). Balance is always toward the
malt. Medium-low bitterness that doesn’t persist into the finish.
Low noble hop flavor is optional and not usually present.
No diacetyl. Should not be as malty as a bock and should not
have crystal malt-type sweetness. No spices.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full body. Medium-high carbonation,
which can influence the perception of body. Low alcohol
warmth. Smooth, never hot or solventy.
Overall Impression: A deep reddish, moderately strong,
malty, complex Belgian ale.
History: Originated at monasteries in the Middle Ages, and
was revived in the mid-1800s after the Napoleonic era.
Comments: Most commercial examples are in the 6.5 – 7%
ABV range. Traditionally bottle-conditioned (“refermented in
the bottle”).
Ingredients: Belgian yeast strains prone to production of
higher alcohols, esters, and phenolics are commonly used.
Water can be soft to hard. Impression of complex grain bill,
although traditional versions are typically Belgian Pils malt
with caramelized sugar syrup or other unrefined sugars providing
much of the character. Homebrewers may use Belgian
Pils or pale base malt, Munich-type malts for maltiness, Special
B for raisin flavors, CaraVienne or CaraMunich for dried
fruit flavors, other specialty grains for character. Dark caramelized
sugar syrup or sugars for color and rum-raisin flavors.
Noble-type, English-type or Styrian Goldings hops
commonly used. No spices are traditionally used, although
restrained use is allowable.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.062 – 1.075
IBUs:
15 – 25
FG:
1.008 – 1.018
SRM:
10 – 17
ABV:
6 – 7.6%
Commercial Examples: Westmalle Dubbel, St. Bernardus Pater
6, La Trappe Dubbel, Corsendonk Abbey Brown Ale,
Grimbergen Double, Affligem Dubbel, Chimay Premiere
(Red), Pater Lieven Bruin, Duinen Dubbel, St. Feuillien Brune,
New Belgium Abbey Belgian Style Ale, Stoudts Abbey Double
Ale, Russian River Benediction, Flying Fish Dubbel, Lost Abbey
Lost and Found Abbey Ale, Allagash Double
of chocolate, caramel and/or toast (but never roasted or burnt
aromas). Moderate fruity esters (usually including raisins and
plums, sometimes also dried cherries). Esters sometimes include
banana or apple. Spicy phenols and higher alcohols are
common (may include light clove and spice, peppery, rose-like
and/or perfumy notes). Spicy qualities can be moderate to
very low. Alcohol, if present, is soft and never hot or solventy.
A small number of examples may include a low noble hop
aroma, but hops are usually absent. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Dark amber to copper in color, with an attractive
reddish depth of color. Generally clear. Large, dense, and longlasting
creamy off-white head.
Flavor: Similar qualities as aroma. Rich, complex medium to
medium-full malty sweetness on the palate yet finishes moderately
dry. Complex malt, ester, alcohol and phenol interplay
(raisiny flavors are common; dried fruit flavors are welcome;
clove-like spiciness is optional). Balance is always toward the
malt. Medium-low bitterness that doesn’t persist into the finish.
Low noble hop flavor is optional and not usually present.
No diacetyl. Should not be as malty as a bock and should not
have crystal malt-type sweetness. No spices.
Mouthfeel: Medium-full body. Medium-high carbonation,
which can influence the perception of body. Low alcohol
warmth. Smooth, never hot or solventy.
Overall Impression: A deep reddish, moderately strong,
malty, complex Belgian ale.
History: Originated at monasteries in the Middle Ages, and
was revived in the mid-1800s after the Napoleonic era.
Comments: Most commercial examples are in the 6.5 – 7%
ABV range. Traditionally bottle-conditioned (“refermented in
the bottle”).
Ingredients: Belgian yeast strains prone to production of
higher alcohols, esters, and phenolics are commonly used.
Water can be soft to hard. Impression of complex grain bill,
although traditional versions are typically Belgian Pils malt
with caramelized sugar syrup or other unrefined sugars providing
much of the character. Homebrewers may use Belgian
Pils or pale base malt, Munich-type malts for maltiness, Special
B for raisin flavors, CaraVienne or CaraMunich for dried
fruit flavors, other specialty grains for character. Dark caramelized
sugar syrup or sugars for color and rum-raisin flavors.
Noble-type, English-type or Styrian Goldings hops
commonly used. No spices are traditionally used, although
restrained use is allowable.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.062 – 1.075
IBUs:
15 – 25
FG:
1.008 – 1.018
SRM:
10 – 17
ABV:
6 – 7.6%
Commercial Examples: Westmalle Dubbel, St. Bernardus Pater
6, La Trappe Dubbel, Corsendonk Abbey Brown Ale,
Grimbergen Double, Affligem Dubbel, Chimay Premiere
(Red), Pater Lieven Bruin, Duinen Dubbel, St. Feuillien Brune,
New Belgium Abbey Belgian Style Ale, Stoudts Abbey Double
Ale, Russian River Benediction, Flying Fish Dubbel, Lost Abbey
Lost and Found Abbey Ale, Allagash Double
Aroma: Complex with moderate to significant spiciness, moderate
fruity esters and low alcohol and hop aromas. Generous
spicy, peppery, sometimes clove-like phenols. Esters are often
reminiscent of citrus fruits such as oranges, but may sometimes
have a slight banana character. A low yet distinctive
spicy, floral, sometimes perfumy hop character is usually
found. Alcohols are soft, spicy and low in intensity. No hot
alcohol or solventy aromas. The malt character is light. No
diacetyl.
Appearance: Deep yellow to deep gold in color. Good clarity.
Effervescent. Long-lasting, creamy, rocky, white head resulting
in characteristic “Belgian lace” on the glass as it fades.
Flavor: Marriage of spicy, fruity and alcohol flavors supported
by a soft malt character. Low to moderate phenols are peppery
in character. Esters are reminiscent of citrus fruit such as orange
or sometimes lemon. A low to moderate spicy hop character
is usually found. Alcohols are soft, spicy, often a bit
sweet and low in intensity. Bitterness is typically medium to
high from a combination of hop bitterness and yeast-produced
phenolics. Substantial carbonation and bitterness lends a dry
finish with a moderately bitter aftertaste. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body, although lighter
than the substantial gravity would suggest (thanks to sugar
and high carbonation). High alcohol content adds a pleasant
creaminess but little to no obvious warming sensation. No hot
alcohol or solventy character. Always effervescent. Never astringent.
Overall Impression: Strongly resembles a Strong Golden Ale
but slightly darker and somewhat fuller-bodied. Usually has a
more rounded malt flavor but should not be sweet.
History: Originally popularized by the Trappist monastery at
Westmalle.
Comments: High in alcohol but does not taste strongly of alcohol.
The best examples are sneaky, not obvious. High carbonation
and attenuation helps to bring out the many flavors
and to increase the perception of a dry finish. Most Trappist
versions have at least 30 IBUs and are very dry. Traditionally
bottle-conditioned (“refermented in the bottle”).
Ingredients: The light color and relatively light body for a
beer of this strength are the result of using Pilsner malt and up
to 20% white sugar. Noble hops or Styrian Goldings are commonly
used. Belgian yeast strains are used – those that produce
fruity esters, spicy phenolics and higher alcohols – often
aided by slightly warmer fermentation temperatures. Spice
additions are generally not traditional, and if used, should not
be recognizable as such. Fairly soft water.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.075 – 1.085
IBUs:
20 – 40
FG:
1.008 – 1.014
SRM:
4.5 – 7
ABV:
7.5 – 9.5%
Commercial Examples: Westmalle Tripel, La Rulles Tripel, St.
Bernardus Tripel, Chimay Cinq Cents (White), Watou Tripel,
Val-Dieu Triple, Affligem Tripel, Grimbergen Tripel, La Trappe
Tripel, Witkap Pater Tripel, Corsendonk Abbey Pale Ale, St.
Feuillien Tripel, Bink Tripel, Tripel Karmeliet, New Belgium
Trippel, Unibroue La Fin du Monde, Dragonmead Final Absolution,
Allagash Tripel Reserve, Victory Golden Monkey
fruity esters and low alcohol and hop aromas. Generous
spicy, peppery, sometimes clove-like phenols. Esters are often
reminiscent of citrus fruits such as oranges, but may sometimes
have a slight banana character. A low yet distinctive
spicy, floral, sometimes perfumy hop character is usually
found. Alcohols are soft, spicy and low in intensity. No hot
alcohol or solventy aromas. The malt character is light. No
diacetyl.
Appearance: Deep yellow to deep gold in color. Good clarity.
Effervescent. Long-lasting, creamy, rocky, white head resulting
in characteristic “Belgian lace” on the glass as it fades.
Flavor: Marriage of spicy, fruity and alcohol flavors supported
by a soft malt character. Low to moderate phenols are peppery
in character. Esters are reminiscent of citrus fruit such as orange
or sometimes lemon. A low to moderate spicy hop character
is usually found. Alcohols are soft, spicy, often a bit
sweet and low in intensity. Bitterness is typically medium to
high from a combination of hop bitterness and yeast-produced
phenolics. Substantial carbonation and bitterness lends a dry
finish with a moderately bitter aftertaste. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Medium-light to medium body, although lighter
than the substantial gravity would suggest (thanks to sugar
and high carbonation). High alcohol content adds a pleasant
creaminess but little to no obvious warming sensation. No hot
alcohol or solventy character. Always effervescent. Never astringent.
Overall Impression: Strongly resembles a Strong Golden Ale
but slightly darker and somewhat fuller-bodied. Usually has a
more rounded malt flavor but should not be sweet.
History: Originally popularized by the Trappist monastery at
Westmalle.
Comments: High in alcohol but does not taste strongly of alcohol.
The best examples are sneaky, not obvious. High carbonation
and attenuation helps to bring out the many flavors
and to increase the perception of a dry finish. Most Trappist
versions have at least 30 IBUs and are very dry. Traditionally
bottle-conditioned (“refermented in the bottle”).
Ingredients: The light color and relatively light body for a
beer of this strength are the result of using Pilsner malt and up
to 20% white sugar. Noble hops or Styrian Goldings are commonly
used. Belgian yeast strains are used – those that produce
fruity esters, spicy phenolics and higher alcohols – often
aided by slightly warmer fermentation temperatures. Spice
additions are generally not traditional, and if used, should not
be recognizable as such. Fairly soft water.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.075 – 1.085
IBUs:
20 – 40
FG:
1.008 – 1.014
SRM:
4.5 – 7
ABV:
7.5 – 9.5%
Commercial Examples: Westmalle Tripel, La Rulles Tripel, St.
Bernardus Tripel, Chimay Cinq Cents (White), Watou Tripel,
Val-Dieu Triple, Affligem Tripel, Grimbergen Tripel, La Trappe
Tripel, Witkap Pater Tripel, Corsendonk Abbey Pale Ale, St.
Feuillien Tripel, Bink Tripel, Tripel Karmeliet, New Belgium
Trippel, Unibroue La Fin du Monde, Dragonmead Final Absolution,
Allagash Tripel Reserve, Victory Golden Monkey
Aroma: Complex with significant fruity esters, moderate
spiciness and low to moderate alcohol and hop aromas. Esters
are reminiscent of lighter fruits such as pears, oranges or apples.
Moderate spicy, peppery phenols. A low to moderate yet
distinctive perfumy, floral hop character is often present. Alcohols
are soft, spicy, perfumy and low-to-moderate in intensity.
No hot alcohol or solventy aromas. The malt character is
light. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Yellow to medium gold in color. Good clarity.
Effervescent. Massive, long-lasting, rocky, often beady, white
head resulting in characteristic “Belgian lace” on the glass as it
fades.
Flavor: Marriage of fruity, spicy and alcohol flavors supported
by a soft malt character. Esters are reminiscent of pears, oranges
or apples. Low to moderate phenols are peppery in
character. A low to moderate spicy hop character is often present.
Alcohols are soft, spicy, often a bit sweet and are low-tomoderate
in intensity. Bitterness is typically medium to high
from a combination of hop bitterness and yeast-produced
phenolics. Substantial carbonation and bitterness leads to a
dry finish with a low to moderately bitter aftertaste. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Very highly carbonated. Light to medium body,
although lighter than the substantial gravity would suggest
(thanks to sugar and high carbonation). Smooth but noticeable
alcohol warmth. No hot alcohol or solventy character. Always
effervescent. Never astringent.
Overall Impression: A golden, complex, effervescent, strong
Belgian-style ale.
History: Originally developed by the Moortgat brewery after
WWII as a response to the growing popularity of Pilsner beers.
Comments: Strongly resembles a Tripel, but may be even
paler, lighter-bodied and even crisper and drier. The drier finish
and lighter body also serves to make the assertive hopping
and spiciness more prominent. References to the devil are included
in the names of many commercial examples of this
style, referring to their potent alcoholic strength and as a tribute
to the original example (Duvel). The best examples are
complex and delicate. High carbonation helps to bring out the
many flavors and to increase the perception of a dry finish.
Traditionally bottle-conditioned (“refermented in the bottle”).
Ingredients: The light color and relatively light body for a
beer of this strength are the result of using Pilsner malt and up
to 20% white sugar. Noble hops or Styrian Goldings are commonly
used. Belgian yeast strains are used – those that produce
fruity esters, spicy phenolics and higher alcohols – often
aided by slightly warmer fermentation temperatures. Fairly
soft water.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.070 – 1.095
IBUs:
22 – 35
FG:
1.005 – 1.016
SRM:
3 – 6
ABV:
7.5 – 10.5%
Commercial Examples: Duvel, Russian River Damnation,
Hapkin, Lucifer, Brigand, Judas, Delirium Tremens, Dulle
Teve, Piraat, Great Divide Hades, Avery Salvation, North
Coast Pranqster, Unibroue Eau Benite, AleSmith Horny Devil
spiciness and low to moderate alcohol and hop aromas. Esters
are reminiscent of lighter fruits such as pears, oranges or apples.
Moderate spicy, peppery phenols. A low to moderate yet
distinctive perfumy, floral hop character is often present. Alcohols
are soft, spicy, perfumy and low-to-moderate in intensity.
No hot alcohol or solventy aromas. The malt character is
light. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Yellow to medium gold in color. Good clarity.
Effervescent. Massive, long-lasting, rocky, often beady, white
head resulting in characteristic “Belgian lace” on the glass as it
fades.
Flavor: Marriage of fruity, spicy and alcohol flavors supported
by a soft malt character. Esters are reminiscent of pears, oranges
or apples. Low to moderate phenols are peppery in
character. A low to moderate spicy hop character is often present.
Alcohols are soft, spicy, often a bit sweet and are low-tomoderate
in intensity. Bitterness is typically medium to high
from a combination of hop bitterness and yeast-produced
phenolics. Substantial carbonation and bitterness leads to a
dry finish with a low to moderately bitter aftertaste. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Very highly carbonated. Light to medium body,
although lighter than the substantial gravity would suggest
(thanks to sugar and high carbonation). Smooth but noticeable
alcohol warmth. No hot alcohol or solventy character. Always
effervescent. Never astringent.
Overall Impression: A golden, complex, effervescent, strong
Belgian-style ale.
History: Originally developed by the Moortgat brewery after
WWII as a response to the growing popularity of Pilsner beers.
Comments: Strongly resembles a Tripel, but may be even
paler, lighter-bodied and even crisper and drier. The drier finish
and lighter body also serves to make the assertive hopping
and spiciness more prominent. References to the devil are included
in the names of many commercial examples of this
style, referring to their potent alcoholic strength and as a tribute
to the original example (Duvel). The best examples are
complex and delicate. High carbonation helps to bring out the
many flavors and to increase the perception of a dry finish.
Traditionally bottle-conditioned (“refermented in the bottle”).
Ingredients: The light color and relatively light body for a
beer of this strength are the result of using Pilsner malt and up
to 20% white sugar. Noble hops or Styrian Goldings are commonly
used. Belgian yeast strains are used – those that produce
fruity esters, spicy phenolics and higher alcohols – often
aided by slightly warmer fermentation temperatures. Fairly
soft water.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.070 – 1.095
IBUs:
22 – 35
FG:
1.005 – 1.016
SRM:
3 – 6
ABV:
7.5 – 10.5%
Commercial Examples: Duvel, Russian River Damnation,
Hapkin, Lucifer, Brigand, Judas, Delirium Tremens, Dulle
Teve, Piraat, Great Divide Hades, Avery Salvation, North
Coast Pranqster, Unibroue Eau Benite, AleSmith Horny Devil
Aroma: Complex, with a rich malty sweetness, significant esters
and alcohol, and an optional light to moderate spiciness.
The malt is rich and strong, and can have a Munich-type quality
often with a caramel, toast and/or bready aroma. The
fruity esters are strong to moderately low, and can contain
raisin, plum, dried cherry, fig or prune notes. Spicy phenols
may be present, but usually have a peppery quality not clovelike.
Alcohols are soft, spicy, perfumy and/or rose-like, and
are low to moderate in intensity. Hops are not usually present
(but a very low noble hop aroma is acceptable). No diacetyl.
No dark/roast malt aroma. No hot alcohols or solventy aromas.
No recognizable spice additions.
Appearance: Deep amber to deep coppery-brown in color
(“dark” in this context implies “more deeply colored than
golden”). Huge, dense, moussy, persistent cream- to light tancolored
head. Can be clear to somewhat hazy.
Flavor: Similar to aroma (same malt, ester, phenol, alcohol,
hop and spice comments apply to flavor as well). Moderately
malty or sweet on palate. Finish is variable depending on interpretation
(authentic Trappist versions are moderately dry to
dry, Abbey versions can be medium-dry to sweet). Low bitterness
for a beer of this strength; alcohol provides some of the
balance to the malt. Sweeter and more full-bodied beers will
have a higher bitterness level to balance. Almost all versions
are malty in the balance, although a few are lightly bitter. The
complex and varied flavors should blend smoothly and harmoniously.
Mouthfeel: High carbonation but no carbonic acid “bite.”
Smooth but noticeable alcohol warmth. Body can be variable
depending on interpretation (authentic Trappist versions tend
to be medium-light to medium, while Abbey-style beers can
be quite full and creamy).
Overall Impression: A dark, very rich, complex, very strong
Belgian ale. Complex, rich, smooth and dangerous.
History: Most versions are unique in character reflecting characteristics
of individual breweries.
Comments: Authentic Trappist versions tend to be drier (Belgians
would say “more digestible”) than Abbey versions,
which can be rather sweet and full-bodied. Higher bitterness
is allowable in Abbey-style beers with a higher FG.
Barleywine-type beers (e.g., Scaldis/Bush, La Trappe Quadrupel,
Weyerbacher QUAD) and Spiced/Christmas-type beers
(e.g., N’ice Chouffe, Affligem Nöel) should be entered in the
Belgian Specialty Ale category (16E), not this category. Traditionally
bottle-conditioned (“refermented in the bottle”).
Ingredients: Belgian yeast strains prone to production of
higher alcohols, esters, and sometimes phenolics are commonly
used. Water can be soft to hard. Impression of a complex
grain bill, although many traditional versions are quite
simple, with caramelized sugar syrup or unrefined sugars and
yeast providing much of the complexity. Homebrewers may
use Belgian Pils or pale base malt, Munich-type malts for
maltiness, other Belgian specialty grains for character. Caramelized
sugar syrup or unrefined sugars lightens body and
adds color and flavor (particularly if dark sugars are used).
Noble-type, English-type or Styrian Goldings hops commonly
used. Spices generally not used; if used, keep subtle and in the
background. Avoid US/UK crystal type malts (these provide
the wrong type of sweetness).
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.075 – 1.110
IBUs:
20 – 35
FG:
1.010 – 1.024
SRM:
12 – 22
ABV:
8 – 11%
Commercial Examples: Westvleteren 12 (yellow cap), Rochefort
10 (blue cap), St. Bernardus Abt 12, Gouden Carolus
Grand Cru of the Emperor, Achel Extra Brune, Rochefort 8
(green cap), Southampton Abbot 12, Chimay Grande Reserve
(Blue), Brasserie des Rocs Grand Cru, Gulden Draak, Kasteelbier
Bière du Chateau Donker, Lost Abbey Judgment Day,
Russian River Salvation
and alcohol, and an optional light to moderate spiciness.
The malt is rich and strong, and can have a Munich-type quality
often with a caramel, toast and/or bready aroma. The
fruity esters are strong to moderately low, and can contain
raisin, plum, dried cherry, fig or prune notes. Spicy phenols
may be present, but usually have a peppery quality not clovelike.
Alcohols are soft, spicy, perfumy and/or rose-like, and
are low to moderate in intensity. Hops are not usually present
(but a very low noble hop aroma is acceptable). No diacetyl.
No dark/roast malt aroma. No hot alcohols or solventy aromas.
No recognizable spice additions.
Appearance: Deep amber to deep coppery-brown in color
(“dark” in this context implies “more deeply colored than
golden”). Huge, dense, moussy, persistent cream- to light tancolored
head. Can be clear to somewhat hazy.
Flavor: Similar to aroma (same malt, ester, phenol, alcohol,
hop and spice comments apply to flavor as well). Moderately
malty or sweet on palate. Finish is variable depending on interpretation
(authentic Trappist versions are moderately dry to
dry, Abbey versions can be medium-dry to sweet). Low bitterness
for a beer of this strength; alcohol provides some of the
balance to the malt. Sweeter and more full-bodied beers will
have a higher bitterness level to balance. Almost all versions
are malty in the balance, although a few are lightly bitter. The
complex and varied flavors should blend smoothly and harmoniously.
Mouthfeel: High carbonation but no carbonic acid “bite.”
Smooth but noticeable alcohol warmth. Body can be variable
depending on interpretation (authentic Trappist versions tend
to be medium-light to medium, while Abbey-style beers can
be quite full and creamy).
Overall Impression: A dark, very rich, complex, very strong
Belgian ale. Complex, rich, smooth and dangerous.
History: Most versions are unique in character reflecting characteristics
of individual breweries.
Comments: Authentic Trappist versions tend to be drier (Belgians
would say “more digestible”) than Abbey versions,
which can be rather sweet and full-bodied. Higher bitterness
is allowable in Abbey-style beers with a higher FG.
Barleywine-type beers (e.g., Scaldis/Bush, La Trappe Quadrupel,
Weyerbacher QUAD) and Spiced/Christmas-type beers
(e.g., N’ice Chouffe, Affligem Nöel) should be entered in the
Belgian Specialty Ale category (16E), not this category. Traditionally
bottle-conditioned (“refermented in the bottle”).
Ingredients: Belgian yeast strains prone to production of
higher alcohols, esters, and sometimes phenolics are commonly
used. Water can be soft to hard. Impression of a complex
grain bill, although many traditional versions are quite
simple, with caramelized sugar syrup or unrefined sugars and
yeast providing much of the complexity. Homebrewers may
use Belgian Pils or pale base malt, Munich-type malts for
maltiness, other Belgian specialty grains for character. Caramelized
sugar syrup or unrefined sugars lightens body and
adds color and flavor (particularly if dark sugars are used).
Noble-type, English-type or Styrian Goldings hops commonly
used. Spices generally not used; if used, keep subtle and in the
background. Avoid US/UK crystal type malts (these provide
the wrong type of sweetness).
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.075 – 1.110
IBUs:
20 – 35
FG:
1.010 – 1.024
SRM:
12 – 22
ABV:
8 – 11%
Commercial Examples: Westvleteren 12 (yellow cap), Rochefort
10 (blue cap), St. Bernardus Abt 12, Gouden Carolus
Grand Cru of the Emperor, Achel Extra Brune, Rochefort 8
(green cap), Southampton Abbot 12, Chimay Grande Reserve
(Blue), Brasserie des Rocs Grand Cru, Gulden Draak, Kasteelbier
Bière du Chateau Donker, Lost Abbey Judgment Day,
Russian River Salvation
19A. Old Ale
19B. English Barleywine
19C. American Barleywine
20. Fruit Ale
Aroma: Malty-sweet with fruity esters, often with a complex
blend of dried-fruit, vinous, caramelly, molasses, nutty, toffee,
treacle, and/or other specialty malt aromas. Some alcohol and
oxidative notes are acceptable, akin to those found in Sherry
or Port. Hop aromas not usually present due to extended aging.
Appearance: Light amber to very dark reddish-brown color
(most are fairly dark). Age and oxidation may darken the beer
further. May be almost opaque (if not, should be clear). Moderate
to low cream- to light tan-colored head; may be adversely
affected by alcohol and age.
Flavor: Medium to high malt character with a luscious malt
complexity, often with nutty, caramelly and/or molasses-like
flavors. Light chocolate or roasted malt flavors are optional,
but should never be prominent. Balance is often malty-sweet,
but may be well hopped (the impression of bitterness often
depends on amount of aging). Moderate to high fruity esters
are common, and may take on a dried-fruit or vinous character.
The finish may vary from dry to somewhat sweet. Extended
aging may contribute oxidative flavors similar to a fine
old Sherry, Port or Madeira. Alcoholic strength should be evident,
though not overwhelming. Diacetyl low to none. Some
wood-aged or blended versions may have a lactic or Brettanomyces
character; but this is optional and should not be too
strong (enter as a specialty beer if it is).
Mouthfeel: Medium to full, chewy body, although older examples
may be lower in body due to continued attenuation
during conditioning. Alcohol warmth is often evident and
always welcome. Low to moderate carbonation, depending on
age and conditioning.
Overall Impression: An ale of significant alcoholic strength,
bigger than strong bitters and brown porters, though usually
not as strong or rich as barleywine. Usually tilted toward a
sweeter, maltier balance. “It should be a warming beer of the
type that is best drunk in half pints by a warm fire on a cold
winter’s night” – Michael Jackson.
History: A traditional English ale style, mashed at higher temperatures
than strong ales to reduce attenuation, then aged at
the brewery after primary fermentation (similar to the process
used for historical porters). Often had age-related character
(lactic, Brett, oxidation, leather) associated with “stale” beers.
Used as stock ales for blending or enjoyed at full strength
(stale or stock refers to beers that were aged or stored for a
significant period of time). Winter warmers are a more modern
style that are maltier, fuller-bodied, often darker beers that
may be a brewery’s winter seasonal special offering.
Comments: Strength and character varies widely. Fits in the
style space between normal gravity beers (strong bitters,
brown porters) and barleywines. Can include winter warmers,
strong dark milds, strong (and perhaps darker) bitters,
blended strong beers (stock ale blended with a mild or bitter),
and lower gravity versions of English barleywines. Many English
examples, particularly winter warmers, are lower than 6%
ABV.
Ingredients: Generous quantities of well-modified pale malt
(generally English in origin, though not necessarily so), along
with judicious quantities of caramel malts and other specialty
character malts. Some darker examples suggest that dark
malts (e.g., chocolate, black malt) may be appropriate, though
sparingly so as to avoid an overly roasted character. Adjuncts
(such as molasses, treacle, invert sugar or dark sugar) are often
used, as are starchy adjuncts (maize, flaked barley, wheat) and
malt extracts. Hop variety is not as important, as the relative
balance and aging process negate much of the varietal character.
British ale yeast that has low attenuation, but can handle
higher alcohol levels, is traditional.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.060 – 1.090
IBUs:
30 – 60
FG:
1.015 – 1.022
SRM:
10 – 22
ABV:
6 – 9%
Commercial Examples: Gale’s Prize Old Ale, Burton Bridge
Olde Expensive, Marston Owd Roger, Greene King Olde Suffolk
Ale , J.W. Lees Moonraker, Harviestoun Old Engine Oil,
Fuller’s Vintage Ale, Harvey’s Elizabethan Ale, Theakston Old
Peculier (peculiar at OG 1.057), Young's Winter Warmer, Sarah
Hughes Dark Ruby Mild, Samuel Smith’s Winter Welcome,
Fuller’s 1845, Fuller’s Old Winter Ale, Great Divide Hibernation
Ale, Founders Curmudgeon, Cooperstown Pride of Milford
Special Ale, Coniston Old Man Ale, Avery Old Jubilation
blend of dried-fruit, vinous, caramelly, molasses, nutty, toffee,
treacle, and/or other specialty malt aromas. Some alcohol and
oxidative notes are acceptable, akin to those found in Sherry
or Port. Hop aromas not usually present due to extended aging.
Appearance: Light amber to very dark reddish-brown color
(most are fairly dark). Age and oxidation may darken the beer
further. May be almost opaque (if not, should be clear). Moderate
to low cream- to light tan-colored head; may be adversely
affected by alcohol and age.
Flavor: Medium to high malt character with a luscious malt
complexity, often with nutty, caramelly and/or molasses-like
flavors. Light chocolate or roasted malt flavors are optional,
but should never be prominent. Balance is often malty-sweet,
but may be well hopped (the impression of bitterness often
depends on amount of aging). Moderate to high fruity esters
are common, and may take on a dried-fruit or vinous character.
The finish may vary from dry to somewhat sweet. Extended
aging may contribute oxidative flavors similar to a fine
old Sherry, Port or Madeira. Alcoholic strength should be evident,
though not overwhelming. Diacetyl low to none. Some
wood-aged or blended versions may have a lactic or Brettanomyces
character; but this is optional and should not be too
strong (enter as a specialty beer if it is).
Mouthfeel: Medium to full, chewy body, although older examples
may be lower in body due to continued attenuation
during conditioning. Alcohol warmth is often evident and
always welcome. Low to moderate carbonation, depending on
age and conditioning.
Overall Impression: An ale of significant alcoholic strength,
bigger than strong bitters and brown porters, though usually
not as strong or rich as barleywine. Usually tilted toward a
sweeter, maltier balance. “It should be a warming beer of the
type that is best drunk in half pints by a warm fire on a cold
winter’s night” – Michael Jackson.
History: A traditional English ale style, mashed at higher temperatures
than strong ales to reduce attenuation, then aged at
the brewery after primary fermentation (similar to the process
used for historical porters). Often had age-related character
(lactic, Brett, oxidation, leather) associated with “stale” beers.
Used as stock ales for blending or enjoyed at full strength
(stale or stock refers to beers that were aged or stored for a
significant period of time). Winter warmers are a more modern
style that are maltier, fuller-bodied, often darker beers that
may be a brewery’s winter seasonal special offering.
Comments: Strength and character varies widely. Fits in the
style space between normal gravity beers (strong bitters,
brown porters) and barleywines. Can include winter warmers,
strong dark milds, strong (and perhaps darker) bitters,
blended strong beers (stock ale blended with a mild or bitter),
and lower gravity versions of English barleywines. Many English
examples, particularly winter warmers, are lower than 6%
ABV.
Ingredients: Generous quantities of well-modified pale malt
(generally English in origin, though not necessarily so), along
with judicious quantities of caramel malts and other specialty
character malts. Some darker examples suggest that dark
malts (e.g., chocolate, black malt) may be appropriate, though
sparingly so as to avoid an overly roasted character. Adjuncts
(such as molasses, treacle, invert sugar or dark sugar) are often
used, as are starchy adjuncts (maize, flaked barley, wheat) and
malt extracts. Hop variety is not as important, as the relative
balance and aging process negate much of the varietal character.
British ale yeast that has low attenuation, but can handle
higher alcohol levels, is traditional.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.060 – 1.090
IBUs:
30 – 60
FG:
1.015 – 1.022
SRM:
10 – 22
ABV:
6 – 9%
Commercial Examples: Gale’s Prize Old Ale, Burton Bridge
Olde Expensive, Marston Owd Roger, Greene King Olde Suffolk
Ale , J.W. Lees Moonraker, Harviestoun Old Engine Oil,
Fuller’s Vintage Ale, Harvey’s Elizabethan Ale, Theakston Old
Peculier (peculiar at OG 1.057), Young's Winter Warmer, Sarah
Hughes Dark Ruby Mild, Samuel Smith’s Winter Welcome,
Fuller’s 1845, Fuller’s Old Winter Ale, Great Divide Hibernation
Ale, Founders Curmudgeon, Cooperstown Pride of Milford
Special Ale, Coniston Old Man Ale, Avery Old Jubilation
Aroma: Very rich and strongly malty, often with a caramel-like
aroma. May have moderate to strong fruitiness, often with a
dried-fruit character. English hop aroma may range from mild
to assertive. Alcohol aromatics may be low to moderate, but
never harsh, hot or solventy. The intensity of these aromatics
often subsides with age. The aroma may have a rich character
including bready, toasty, toffee, molasses, and/or treacle notes.
Aged versions may have a sherry-like quality, possibly vinous
or port-like aromatics, and generally more muted malt aromas.
Low to no diacetyl.
Appearance: Color may range from rich gold to very dark
amber or even dark brown. Often has ruby highlights, but
should not be opaque. Low to moderate off-white head; may
have low head retention. May be cloudy with chill haze at
cooler temperatures, but generally clears to good to brilliant
clarity as it warms. The color may appear to have great depth,
as if viewed through a thick glass lens. High alcohol and viscosity
may be visible in “legs” when beer is swirled in a glass.
Flavor: Strong, intense, complex, multi-layered malt flavors
ranging from bready and biscuity through nutty, deep toast,
dark caramel, toffee, and/or molasses. Moderate to high malty
sweetness on the palate, although the finish may be moderately
sweet to moderately dry (depending on aging). Some
oxidative or vinous flavors may be present, and often complex
alcohol flavors should be evident. Alcohol flavors shouldn’t be
harsh, hot or solventy. Moderate to fairly high fruitiness, often
with a dried-fruit character. Hop bitterness may range from
just enough for balance to a firm presence; balance therefore
ranges from malty to somewhat bitter. Low to moderately
high hop flavor (usually UK varieties). Low to no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Full-bodied and chewy, with a velvety, luscious
texture (although the body may decline with long conditioning).
A smooth warmth from aged alcohol should be present,
and should not be hot or harsh. Carbonation may be low to
moderate, depending on age and conditioning.
Overall Impression: The richest and strongest of the English
Ales. A showcase of malty richness and complex, intense flavors.
The character of these ales can change significantly over
time; both young and old versions should be appreciated for
what they are. The malt profile can vary widely; not all examples
will have all possible flavors or aromas.
History: Usually the strongest ale offered by a brewery, and in
recent years many commercial examples are now vintagedated.
Normally aged significantly prior to release. Often associated
with the winter or holiday season.
Comments: Although often a hoppy beer, the English Barleywine
places less emphasis on hop character than the American
Barleywine and features English hops. English versions can be
darker, maltier, fruitier, and feature richer specialty malt flavors
than American Barleywines.
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt should form the backbone
of the grist, with judicious amounts of caramel malts.
Dark malts should be used with great restraint, if at all, as
most of the color arises from a lengthy boil. English hops such
as Northdown, Target, East Kent Goldings and Fuggles. Characterful
English yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.080 – 1.120
IBUs:
35 – 70
FG:
1.018 – 1.030
SRM:
8 – 22
ABV:
8 – 12%
Commercial Examples: Thomas Hardy’s Ale, Burton Bridge
Thomas Sykes Old Ale, J.W. Lee’s Vintage Harvest Ale, Robinson’s
Old Tom, Fuller’s Golden Pride, AleSmith Old Numbskull,
Young’s Old Nick (unusual in its 7.2% ABV), Whitbread
Gold Label, Old Dominion Millenium, North Coast Old Stock
Ale (when aged), Weyerbacher Blithering Idiot
aroma. May have moderate to strong fruitiness, often with a
dried-fruit character. English hop aroma may range from mild
to assertive. Alcohol aromatics may be low to moderate, but
never harsh, hot or solventy. The intensity of these aromatics
often subsides with age. The aroma may have a rich character
including bready, toasty, toffee, molasses, and/or treacle notes.
Aged versions may have a sherry-like quality, possibly vinous
or port-like aromatics, and generally more muted malt aromas.
Low to no diacetyl.
Appearance: Color may range from rich gold to very dark
amber or even dark brown. Often has ruby highlights, but
should not be opaque. Low to moderate off-white head; may
have low head retention. May be cloudy with chill haze at
cooler temperatures, but generally clears to good to brilliant
clarity as it warms. The color may appear to have great depth,
as if viewed through a thick glass lens. High alcohol and viscosity
may be visible in “legs” when beer is swirled in a glass.
Flavor: Strong, intense, complex, multi-layered malt flavors
ranging from bready and biscuity through nutty, deep toast,
dark caramel, toffee, and/or molasses. Moderate to high malty
sweetness on the palate, although the finish may be moderately
sweet to moderately dry (depending on aging). Some
oxidative or vinous flavors may be present, and often complex
alcohol flavors should be evident. Alcohol flavors shouldn’t be
harsh, hot or solventy. Moderate to fairly high fruitiness, often
with a dried-fruit character. Hop bitterness may range from
just enough for balance to a firm presence; balance therefore
ranges from malty to somewhat bitter. Low to moderately
high hop flavor (usually UK varieties). Low to no diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Full-bodied and chewy, with a velvety, luscious
texture (although the body may decline with long conditioning).
A smooth warmth from aged alcohol should be present,
and should not be hot or harsh. Carbonation may be low to
moderate, depending on age and conditioning.
Overall Impression: The richest and strongest of the English
Ales. A showcase of malty richness and complex, intense flavors.
The character of these ales can change significantly over
time; both young and old versions should be appreciated for
what they are. The malt profile can vary widely; not all examples
will have all possible flavors or aromas.
History: Usually the strongest ale offered by a brewery, and in
recent years many commercial examples are now vintagedated.
Normally aged significantly prior to release. Often associated
with the winter or holiday season.
Comments: Although often a hoppy beer, the English Barleywine
places less emphasis on hop character than the American
Barleywine and features English hops. English versions can be
darker, maltier, fruitier, and feature richer specialty malt flavors
than American Barleywines.
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt should form the backbone
of the grist, with judicious amounts of caramel malts.
Dark malts should be used with great restraint, if at all, as
most of the color arises from a lengthy boil. English hops such
as Northdown, Target, East Kent Goldings and Fuggles. Characterful
English yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.080 – 1.120
IBUs:
35 – 70
FG:
1.018 – 1.030
SRM:
8 – 22
ABV:
8 – 12%
Commercial Examples: Thomas Hardy’s Ale, Burton Bridge
Thomas Sykes Old Ale, J.W. Lee’s Vintage Harvest Ale, Robinson’s
Old Tom, Fuller’s Golden Pride, AleSmith Old Numbskull,
Young’s Old Nick (unusual in its 7.2% ABV), Whitbread
Gold Label, Old Dominion Millenium, North Coast Old Stock
Ale (when aged), Weyerbacher Blithering Idiot
Aroma: Very rich and intense maltiness. Hop character moderate
to assertive and often showcases citrusy or resiny American
varieties (although other varieties, such as floral, earthy or
spicy English varieties or a blend of varieties, may be used).
Low to moderately strong fruity esters and alcohol aromatics.
Malt character may be sweet, caramelly, bready, or fairly neutral.
However, the intensity of aromatics often subsides with
age. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Color may range from light amber to medium
copper; may rarely be as dark as light brown. Often has ruby
highlights. Moderately-low to large off-white to light tan head;
may have low head retention. May be cloudy with chill haze
at cooler temperatures, but generally clears to good to brilliant
clarity as it warms. The color may appear to have great depth,
as if viewed through a thick glass lens. High alcohol and viscosity
may be visible in “legs” when beer is swirled in a glass.
Flavor: Strong, intense malt flavor with noticeable bitterness.
Moderately low to moderately high malty sweetness on the
palate, although the finish may be somewhat sweet to quite
dry (depending on aging). Hop bitterness may range from
moderately strong to aggressive. While strongly malty, the
balance should always seem bitter. Moderate to high hop flavor
(any variety). Low to moderate fruity esters. Noticeable
alcohol presence, but sharp or solventy alcohol flavors are
undesirable. Flavors will smooth out and decline over time,
but any oxidized character should be muted (and generally be
masked by the hop character). May have some bready or
caramelly malt flavors, but these should not be high. Roasted
or burnt malt flavors are inappropriate. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Full-bodied and chewy, with a velvety, luscious
texture (although the body may decline with long conditioning).
Alcohol warmth should be present, but not be excessively
hot. Should not be syrupy and under-attenuated. Carbonation
may be low to moderate, depending on age and conditioning.
Overall Impression: A well-hopped American interpretation
of the richest and strongest of the English ales. The hop character
should be evident throughout, but does not have to be
unbalanced. The alcohol strength and hop bitterness often
combine to leave a very long finish.
History: Usually the strongest ale offered by a brewery, and in
recent years many commercial examples are now vintagedated.
Normally aged significantly prior to release. Often associated
with the winter or holiday season.
Comments: The American version of the Barleywine tends to
have a greater emphasis on hop bitterness, flavor and aroma
than the English Barleywine, and often features American hop
varieties. Differs from an Imperial IPA in that the hops are not
extreme, the malt is more forward, and the body is richer and
more characterful.
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt should form the backbone
of the grist. Some specialty or character malts may be
used. Dark malts should be used with great restraint, if at all,
as most of the color arises from a lengthy boil. Citrusy American
hops are common, although any varieties can be used in
quantity. Generally uses an attenuative American yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.080 – 1.120
IBUs:
50 – 120
FG:
1.016 – 1.030
SRM:
10 – 19
ABV:
8 – 12%
Commercial Examples: Sierra Nevada Bigfoot, Great Divide
Old Ruffian, Victory Old Horizontal, Rogue Old Crustacean,
Avery Hog Heaven Barleywine, Bell’s Third Coast Old Ale,
Anchor Old Foghorn, Three Floyds Behemoth, Stone Old
Guardian, Bridgeport Old Knucklehead, Hair of the Dog Doggie
Claws, Lagunitas Olde GnarleyWine, Smuttynose Barleywine,
Flying Dog Horn Dog
to assertive and often showcases citrusy or resiny American
varieties (although other varieties, such as floral, earthy or
spicy English varieties or a blend of varieties, may be used).
Low to moderately strong fruity esters and alcohol aromatics.
Malt character may be sweet, caramelly, bready, or fairly neutral.
However, the intensity of aromatics often subsides with
age. No diacetyl.
Appearance: Color may range from light amber to medium
copper; may rarely be as dark as light brown. Often has ruby
highlights. Moderately-low to large off-white to light tan head;
may have low head retention. May be cloudy with chill haze
at cooler temperatures, but generally clears to good to brilliant
clarity as it warms. The color may appear to have great depth,
as if viewed through a thick glass lens. High alcohol and viscosity
may be visible in “legs” when beer is swirled in a glass.
Flavor: Strong, intense malt flavor with noticeable bitterness.
Moderately low to moderately high malty sweetness on the
palate, although the finish may be somewhat sweet to quite
dry (depending on aging). Hop bitterness may range from
moderately strong to aggressive. While strongly malty, the
balance should always seem bitter. Moderate to high hop flavor
(any variety). Low to moderate fruity esters. Noticeable
alcohol presence, but sharp or solventy alcohol flavors are
undesirable. Flavors will smooth out and decline over time,
but any oxidized character should be muted (and generally be
masked by the hop character). May have some bready or
caramelly malt flavors, but these should not be high. Roasted
or burnt malt flavors are inappropriate. No diacetyl.
Mouthfeel: Full-bodied and chewy, with a velvety, luscious
texture (although the body may decline with long conditioning).
Alcohol warmth should be present, but not be excessively
hot. Should not be syrupy and under-attenuated. Carbonation
may be low to moderate, depending on age and conditioning.
Overall Impression: A well-hopped American interpretation
of the richest and strongest of the English ales. The hop character
should be evident throughout, but does not have to be
unbalanced. The alcohol strength and hop bitterness often
combine to leave a very long finish.
History: Usually the strongest ale offered by a brewery, and in
recent years many commercial examples are now vintagedated.
Normally aged significantly prior to release. Often associated
with the winter or holiday season.
Comments: The American version of the Barleywine tends to
have a greater emphasis on hop bitterness, flavor and aroma
than the English Barleywine, and often features American hop
varieties. Differs from an Imperial IPA in that the hops are not
extreme, the malt is more forward, and the body is richer and
more characterful.
Ingredients: Well-modified pale malt should form the backbone
of the grist. Some specialty or character malts may be
used. Dark malts should be used with great restraint, if at all,
as most of the color arises from a lengthy boil. Citrusy American
hops are common, although any varieties can be used in
quantity. Generally uses an attenuative American yeast.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.080 – 1.120
IBUs:
50 – 120
FG:
1.016 – 1.030
SRM:
10 – 19
ABV:
8 – 12%
Commercial Examples: Sierra Nevada Bigfoot, Great Divide
Old Ruffian, Victory Old Horizontal, Rogue Old Crustacean,
Avery Hog Heaven Barleywine, Bell’s Third Coast Old Ale,
Anchor Old Foghorn, Three Floyds Behemoth, Stone Old
Guardian, Bridgeport Old Knucklehead, Hair of the Dog Doggie
Claws, Lagunitas Olde GnarleyWine, Smuttynose Barleywine,
Flying Dog Horn Dog
20. Fruit Beer
21. Spice/Herb/Vegetable Beer
Aroma: The distinctive aromatics associated with the particular
fruit(s) should be noticeable in the aroma; however, note
that some fruit (e.g., raspberries, cherries) have stronger aromas
and are more distinctive than others (e.g., blueberries,
strawberries)—allow for a range of fruit character and intensity
from subtle to aggressive. The fruit character should be
pleasant and supportive, not artificial and inappropriately
overpowering (considering the character of the fruit) nor
should it have defects such as oxidation. As with all specialty
beers, a proper fruit beer should be a harmonious balance of
the featured fruit(s) with the underlying beer style. Aroma
hops, yeast by-products and malt components of the underlying
beer may not be as noticeable when fruit are present.
These components (especially hops) may also be intentionally
subdued to allow the fruit character to come through in the
final presentation. If the base beer is an ale then a non-specific
fruitiness and/or other fermentation by-products such as diacetyl
may be present as appropriate for warmer fermentations.
If the base beer is a lager, then overall less fermentation
byproducts would be appropriate. Some malt aroma may be
desirable, especially in dark styles. Hop aroma may be absent
or balanced with fruit, depending on the style. The fruit
should add an extra complexity to the beer, but not be so
prominent as to unbalance the resulting presentation. Some
tartness may be present if naturally occurring in the particular
fruit(s), but should not be inappropriately intense.
Appearance: Appearance should be appropriate to the base
beer being presented and will vary depending on the base
beer. For lighter-colored beers with fruits that exhibit distinctive
colors, the color should be noticeable. Note that the color
of fruit in beer is often lighter than the flesh of the fruit itself
and may take on slightly different shades. Fruit beers may
have some haze or be clear, although haze is a generally undesirable.
The head may take on some of the color of the fruit.
Flavor: As with aroma, the distinctive flavor character associated
with the particular fruit(s) should be noticeable, and may
range in intensity from subtle to aggressive. The balance of
fruit with the underlying beer is vital, and the fruit character
should not be so artificial and/or inappropriately overpowering
as to suggest a fruit juice drink. Hop bitterness, flavor,
malt flavors, alcohol content, and fermentation by-products,
such as esters or diacetyl, should be appropriate to the base
beer and be harmonious and balanced with the distinctive
fruit flavors present. Note that these components (especially
hops) may be intentionally subdued to allow the fruit character
to come through in the final presentation. Some tartness
may be present if naturally occurring in the particular fruit(s),
but should not be inappropriately intense. Remember that
fruit generally add flavor not sweetness to fruit beers. The
sugar found in fruit is usually fully fermented and contributes
to lighter flavors and a drier finish than might be expected for
the declared base style. However, residual sweetness is not
necessarily a negative characteristic unless it has a raw, unfermented
quality.
Mouthfeel: Mouthfeel may vary depending on the base beer
selected and as appropriate to that base beer. Body and carbonation
levels should be appropriate to the base beer style
being presented. Fruit generally adds fermentables that tend
to thin out the beer; the resulting beer may seem lighter than
expected for the declared base style.
Overall Impression: A harmonious marriage of fruit and beer.
The key attributes of the underlying style will be different
with the addition of fruit; do not expect the base beer to taste
the same as the unadulterated version. Judge the beer based
on the pleasantness and balance of the resulting combination.
Comments: Overall balance is the key to presenting a wellmade
fruit beer. The fruit should complement the original
style and not overwhelm it. The brewer should recognize that
some combinations of base beer styles and fruits work well
together while others do not make for harmonious combinations.
THE ENTRANT MUST SPECIFY THE UNDERLYING
BEER STYLE AS WELL AS THE TYPE OF FRUIT(S) USED.
IF THIS BEER IS BASED ON A CLASSIC STYLE (E.G.,
BLONDE ALE) THEN THE SPECIFIC STYLE MUST BE
SPECIFIED. CLASSIC STYLES DO NOT HAVE TO BE
CITED (E.G., “PORTER” OR “WHEAT ALE” IS ACCEPTABLE).
THE TYPE OF FRUIT(S) MUST ALWAYS BE SPECIFIED.
If the base beer is a classic style, the original style
should come through in aroma and flavor. Note that fruitbased
lambics should be entered in the Fruit Lambic category
(17F), while other fruit-based Belgian specialties should be
entered in the Belgian Specialty Ale category (16E). Aged fruit
may sometimes have flavor and aroma characteristics similar
to Sauternes, Sherry or Tokaj, but a beer with a quality such as
this should make a special claim (e.g., amontillado, fino, botrytis).
Beer with chile peppers should be entered in the Spice/
Herb/Vegetable Beer category (21A).
Vital Statistics: OG, FG, IBUs, SRM and ABV will vary depending
on the underlying base beer, but the fruit will often
be reflected in the color.
Commercial Examples: New Glarus Belgian Red and Raspberry
Tart, Bell’s Cherry Stout, Dogfish Head Aprihop, Great
Divide Wild Raspberry Ale, Founders Rübæus, Ebulum Elderberry
Black Ale, Stiegl Radler, Weyerbacher Raspberry Imperial
Stout, Abita Purple Haze, Melbourne Apricot Beer and
Strawberry Beer, Saxer Lemon Lager, Magic Hat #9, Grozet
Gooseberry and Wheat Ale, Pyramid Apricot Ale, Dogfish
Head Fort
fruit(s) should be noticeable in the aroma; however, note
that some fruit (e.g., raspberries, cherries) have stronger aromas
and are more distinctive than others (e.g., blueberries,
strawberries)—allow for a range of fruit character and intensity
from subtle to aggressive. The fruit character should be
pleasant and supportive, not artificial and inappropriately
overpowering (considering the character of the fruit) nor
should it have defects such as oxidation. As with all specialty
beers, a proper fruit beer should be a harmonious balance of
the featured fruit(s) with the underlying beer style. Aroma
hops, yeast by-products and malt components of the underlying
beer may not be as noticeable when fruit are present.
These components (especially hops) may also be intentionally
subdued to allow the fruit character to come through in the
final presentation. If the base beer is an ale then a non-specific
fruitiness and/or other fermentation by-products such as diacetyl
may be present as appropriate for warmer fermentations.
If the base beer is a lager, then overall less fermentation
byproducts would be appropriate. Some malt aroma may be
desirable, especially in dark styles. Hop aroma may be absent
or balanced with fruit, depending on the style. The fruit
should add an extra complexity to the beer, but not be so
prominent as to unbalance the resulting presentation. Some
tartness may be present if naturally occurring in the particular
fruit(s), but should not be inappropriately intense.
Appearance: Appearance should be appropriate to the base
beer being presented and will vary depending on the base
beer. For lighter-colored beers with fruits that exhibit distinctive
colors, the color should be noticeable. Note that the color
of fruit in beer is often lighter than the flesh of the fruit itself
and may take on slightly different shades. Fruit beers may
have some haze or be clear, although haze is a generally undesirable.
The head may take on some of the color of the fruit.
Flavor: As with aroma, the distinctive flavor character associated
with the particular fruit(s) should be noticeable, and may
range in intensity from subtle to aggressive. The balance of
fruit with the underlying beer is vital, and the fruit character
should not be so artificial and/or inappropriately overpowering
as to suggest a fruit juice drink. Hop bitterness, flavor,
malt flavors, alcohol content, and fermentation by-products,
such as esters or diacetyl, should be appropriate to the base
beer and be harmonious and balanced with the distinctive
fruit flavors present. Note that these components (especially
hops) may be intentionally subdued to allow the fruit character
to come through in the final presentation. Some tartness
may be present if naturally occurring in the particular fruit(s),
but should not be inappropriately intense. Remember that
fruit generally add flavor not sweetness to fruit beers. The
sugar found in fruit is usually fully fermented and contributes
to lighter flavors and a drier finish than might be expected for
the declared base style. However, residual sweetness is not
necessarily a negative characteristic unless it has a raw, unfermented
quality.
Mouthfeel: Mouthfeel may vary depending on the base beer
selected and as appropriate to that base beer. Body and carbonation
levels should be appropriate to the base beer style
being presented. Fruit generally adds fermentables that tend
to thin out the beer; the resulting beer may seem lighter than
expected for the declared base style.
Overall Impression: A harmonious marriage of fruit and beer.
The key attributes of the underlying style will be different
with the addition of fruit; do not expect the base beer to taste
the same as the unadulterated version. Judge the beer based
on the pleasantness and balance of the resulting combination.
Comments: Overall balance is the key to presenting a wellmade
fruit beer. The fruit should complement the original
style and not overwhelm it. The brewer should recognize that
some combinations of base beer styles and fruits work well
together while others do not make for harmonious combinations.
THE ENTRANT MUST SPECIFY THE UNDERLYING
BEER STYLE AS WELL AS THE TYPE OF FRUIT(S) USED.
IF THIS BEER IS BASED ON A CLASSIC STYLE (E.G.,
BLONDE ALE) THEN THE SPECIFIC STYLE MUST BE
SPECIFIED. CLASSIC STYLES DO NOT HAVE TO BE
CITED (E.G., “PORTER” OR “WHEAT ALE” IS ACCEPTABLE).
THE TYPE OF FRUIT(S) MUST ALWAYS BE SPECIFIED.
If the base beer is a classic style, the original style
should come through in aroma and flavor. Note that fruitbased
lambics should be entered in the Fruit Lambic category
(17F), while other fruit-based Belgian specialties should be
entered in the Belgian Specialty Ale category (16E). Aged fruit
may sometimes have flavor and aroma characteristics similar
to Sauternes, Sherry or Tokaj, but a beer with a quality such as
this should make a special claim (e.g., amontillado, fino, botrytis).
Beer with chile peppers should be entered in the Spice/
Herb/Vegetable Beer category (21A).
Vital Statistics: OG, FG, IBUs, SRM and ABV will vary depending
on the underlying base beer, but the fruit will often
be reflected in the color.
Commercial Examples: New Glarus Belgian Red and Raspberry
Tart, Bell’s Cherry Stout, Dogfish Head Aprihop, Great
Divide Wild Raspberry Ale, Founders Rübæus, Ebulum Elderberry
Black Ale, Stiegl Radler, Weyerbacher Raspberry Imperial
Stout, Abita Purple Haze, Melbourne Apricot Beer and
Strawberry Beer, Saxer Lemon Lager, Magic Hat #9, Grozet
Gooseberry and Wheat Ale, Pyramid Apricot Ale, Dogfish
Head Fort
21A. Spice, Herb, or Vegetable Beer
21B. Christmas/Winter Specialty Spiced Beer
22. Smoke-Flavored and Wood-Aged Beer
Aroma: The character of the particular spices, herbs and/or
vegetables (SHV) should be noticeable in the aroma; however,
note that some SHV (e.g., ginger, cinnamon) have stronger
aromas and are more distinctive than others (e.g., some vegetables)—
allow for a range of SHV character and intensity from
subtle to aggressive. The individual character of the SHV(s)
may not always be identifiable when used in combination. The
SHV character should be pleasant and supportive, not artificial
and overpowering. As with all specialty beers, a proper
SHV beer should be a harmonious balance of the featured
SHV(s) with the underlying beer style. Aroma hops, yeast byproducts
and malt components of the underlying beer may
not be as noticeable when SHV are present. These components
(especially hops) may also be intentionally subdued to allow
the SHV character to come through in the final presentation. If
the base beer is an ale then a non-specific fruitiness and/or
other fermentation by-products such as diacetyl may be present
as appropriate for warmer fermentations. If the base beer
is a lager, then overall less fermentation byproducts would be
appropriate. Some malt aroma is preferable, especially in dark
styles. Hop aroma may be absent or balanced with SHV, depending
on the style. The SHV(s) should add an extra complexity
to the beer, but not be so prominent as to unbalance the
resulting presentation.
Appearance: Appearance should be appropriate to the base
beer being presented and will vary depending on the base
beer. For lighter-colored beers with spices, herbs or vegetables
that exhibit distinctive colors, the colors may be noticeable in
the beer and possibly the head. May have some haze or be
clear. Head formation may be adversely affected by some ingredients,
such as chocolate.
Flavor: As with aroma, the distinctive flavor character associated
with the particular SHV(s) should be noticeable, and may
range in intensity from subtle to aggressive. The individual
character of the SHV(s) may not always be identifiable when
used in combination. The balance of SHV with the underlying
beer is vital, and the SHV character should not be so artificial
and/or overpowering as to overwhelm the beer. Hop bitterness,
flavor, malt flavors, alcohol content, and fermentation
by-products, such as esters or diacetyl, should be appropriate
to the base beer and be harmonious and balanced with the
distinctive SHV flavors present. Note that these components
(especially hops) may be intentionally subdued to allow the
SHV character to come through in the final presentation. Some
SHV(s) are inherently bitter and may result in a beer more
bitter than the declared base style.
Mouthfeel: Mouthfeel may vary depending on the base beer
selected and as appropriate to that base beer. Body and carbonation
levels should be appropriate to the base beer style
being presented. Some SHV(s) may add additional body and/
or slickness, although fermentable additions may thin out the
beer. Some SHV(s) may add a bit of astringency, although a
“raw” spice character is undesirable.
Overall Impression: A harmonious marriage of spices, herbs
and/or vegetables and beer. The key attributes of the underlying
style will be different with the addition of spices, herbs
and/or vegetables; do not expect the base beer to taste the
same as the unadulterated version. Judge the beer based on
the pleasantness and balance of the resulting combination.
Comments: Overall balance is the key to presenting a wellmade
spice, herb or vegetable (SHV) beer. The SHV(s) should
complement the original style and not overwhelm it. The
brewer should recognize that some combinations of base beer
styles and SHV(s) work well together while others do not
make for harmonious combinations. THE ENTRANT MUST
SPECIFY THE UNDERLYING BEER STYLE AS WELL AS
THE TYPE OF SPICES, HERBS, OR VEGETABLES USED.
IF THIS BEER IS BASED ON A CLASSIC STYLE (E.G.,
BLONDE ALE) THEN THE SPECIFIC STYLE MUST BE
SPECIFIED. CLASSIC STYLES DO NOT HAVE TO BE
CITED (E.G., “PORTER” OR “WHEAT ALE” IS ACCEPTABLE).
THE TYPE OF SPICES, HERBS, OR VEGETABLES
MUST ALWAYS BE SPECIFIED. If the base beer is a classic
style, the original style should come through in aroma and
flavor. The individual character of SHV(s) may not always be
identifiable when used in combination. This category may also
be used for chile pepper, coffee-, chocolate-, or nut-based beers
(including combinations of these items). Note that many spicebased
Belgian specialties may be entered in Category 16E.
Beers that only have additional fermentables (honey, maple
syrup, molasses, sugars, treacle, etc.) should be entered in the
Specialty Beer category.
Vital Statistics: OG, FG, IBUs, SRM and ABV will vary depending
on the underlying base beer.
Commercial Examples: Alesmith Speedway Stout, Founders
Breakfast Stout, Traquair Jacobite Ale, Rogue Chipotle Ale,
Young’s Double Chocolate Stout, Bell’s Java Stout, Fraoch
Heather Ale, Southampton Pumpkin Ale, Rogue Hazelnut
Nectar, Hitachino Nest Real Ginger Ale, Breckenridge Vanilla
Porter, Left Hand JuJu Ginger Beer, Dogfish Head Punkin Ale,
Dogfish Head Midas Touch, Redhook Double Black Stout,
Buffalo Bill's Pumpkin Ale, BluCreek Herbal Ale, Christian
Moerlein Honey Almond, Rogue Chocolate Stout, Birrificio
Baladin Nora, Cave Creek Chili Beer
vegetables (SHV) should be noticeable in the aroma; however,
note that some SHV (e.g., ginger, cinnamon) have stronger
aromas and are more distinctive than others (e.g., some vegetables)—
allow for a range of SHV character and intensity from
subtle to aggressive. The individual character of the SHV(s)
may not always be identifiable when used in combination. The
SHV character should be pleasant and supportive, not artificial
and overpowering. As with all specialty beers, a proper
SHV beer should be a harmonious balance of the featured
SHV(s) with the underlying beer style. Aroma hops, yeast byproducts
and malt components of the underlying beer may
not be as noticeable when SHV are present. These components
(especially hops) may also be intentionally subdued to allow
the SHV character to come through in the final presentation. If
the base beer is an ale then a non-specific fruitiness and/or
other fermentation by-products such as diacetyl may be present
as appropriate for warmer fermentations. If the base beer
is a lager, then overall less fermentation byproducts would be
appropriate. Some malt aroma is preferable, especially in dark
styles. Hop aroma may be absent or balanced with SHV, depending
on the style. The SHV(s) should add an extra complexity
to the beer, but not be so prominent as to unbalance the
resulting presentation.
Appearance: Appearance should be appropriate to the base
beer being presented and will vary depending on the base
beer. For lighter-colored beers with spices, herbs or vegetables
that exhibit distinctive colors, the colors may be noticeable in
the beer and possibly the head. May have some haze or be
clear. Head formation may be adversely affected by some ingredients,
such as chocolate.
Flavor: As with aroma, the distinctive flavor character associated
with the particular SHV(s) should be noticeable, and may
range in intensity from subtle to aggressive. The individual
character of the SHV(s) may not always be identifiable when
used in combination. The balance of SHV with the underlying
beer is vital, and the SHV character should not be so artificial
and/or overpowering as to overwhelm the beer. Hop bitterness,
flavor, malt flavors, alcohol content, and fermentation
by-products, such as esters or diacetyl, should be appropriate
to the base beer and be harmonious and balanced with the
distinctive SHV flavors present. Note that these components
(especially hops) may be intentionally subdued to allow the
SHV character to come through in the final presentation. Some
SHV(s) are inherently bitter and may result in a beer more
bitter than the declared base style.
Mouthfeel: Mouthfeel may vary depending on the base beer
selected and as appropriate to that base beer. Body and carbonation
levels should be appropriate to the base beer style
being presented. Some SHV(s) may add additional body and/
or slickness, although fermentable additions may thin out the
beer. Some SHV(s) may add a bit of astringency, although a
“raw” spice character is undesirable.
Overall Impression: A harmonious marriage of spices, herbs
and/or vegetables and beer. The key attributes of the underlying
style will be different with the addition of spices, herbs
and/or vegetables; do not expect the base beer to taste the
same as the unadulterated version. Judge the beer based on
the pleasantness and balance of the resulting combination.
Comments: Overall balance is the key to presenting a wellmade
spice, herb or vegetable (SHV) beer. The SHV(s) should
complement the original style and not overwhelm it. The
brewer should recognize that some combinations of base beer
styles and SHV(s) work well together while others do not
make for harmonious combinations. THE ENTRANT MUST
SPECIFY THE UNDERLYING BEER STYLE AS WELL AS
THE TYPE OF SPICES, HERBS, OR VEGETABLES USED.
IF THIS BEER IS BASED ON A CLASSIC STYLE (E.G.,
BLONDE ALE) THEN THE SPECIFIC STYLE MUST BE
SPECIFIED. CLASSIC STYLES DO NOT HAVE TO BE
CITED (E.G., “PORTER” OR “WHEAT ALE” IS ACCEPTABLE).
THE TYPE OF SPICES, HERBS, OR VEGETABLES
MUST ALWAYS BE SPECIFIED. If the base beer is a classic
style, the original style should come through in aroma and
flavor. The individual character of SHV(s) may not always be
identifiable when used in combination. This category may also
be used for chile pepper, coffee-, chocolate-, or nut-based beers
(including combinations of these items). Note that many spicebased
Belgian specialties may be entered in Category 16E.
Beers that only have additional fermentables (honey, maple
syrup, molasses, sugars, treacle, etc.) should be entered in the
Specialty Beer category.
Vital Statistics: OG, FG, IBUs, SRM and ABV will vary depending
on the underlying base beer.
Commercial Examples: Alesmith Speedway Stout, Founders
Breakfast Stout, Traquair Jacobite Ale, Rogue Chipotle Ale,
Young’s Double Chocolate Stout, Bell’s Java Stout, Fraoch
Heather Ale, Southampton Pumpkin Ale, Rogue Hazelnut
Nectar, Hitachino Nest Real Ginger Ale, Breckenridge Vanilla
Porter, Left Hand JuJu Ginger Beer, Dogfish Head Punkin Ale,
Dogfish Head Midas Touch, Redhook Double Black Stout,
Buffalo Bill's Pumpkin Ale, BluCreek Herbal Ale, Christian
Moerlein Honey Almond, Rogue Chocolate Stout, Birrificio
Baladin Nora, Cave Creek Chili Beer
Aroma: A wide range of aromatics is possible, although many
examples are reminiscent of Christmas cookies, gingerbread,
English-type Christmas pudding, spruce trees, or mulling
spices. Any combination of aromatics that suggests the holiday
season is welcome. The base beer style often has a malty
profile that supports the balanced presentation of the aromatics
from spices and possibly other special ingredients. Additional
fermentables (e.g., honey, molasses, maple syrup, etc.)
may lend their own unique aromatics. Hop aromatics are often
absent, subdued, or slightly spicy. Some fruit character (often
of dried citrus peel, or dried fruit such as raisins or plums) is
optional but acceptable. Alcohol aromatics may be found in
some examples, but this character should be restrained. The
overall aroma should be balanced and harmonious, and is
often fairly complex and inviting.
Appearance: Generally medium amber to very dark brown
(darker versions are more common). Usually clear, although
darker versions may be virtually opaque. Some chill haze is
acceptable. Generally has a well-formed head that is often offwhite
to tan.
Flavor: Many interpretations are possible; allow for brewer
creativity as long as the resulting product is balanced and
provides some spice presentation. Spices associated with the
holiday season are typical (as mentioned in the Aroma section).
The spices and optional fermentables should be supportive
and blend well with the base beer style. Rich, malty and/
or sweet malt-based flavors are common, and may include
caramel, toast, nutty, or chocolate flavors. May include some
dried fruit or dried fruit peel flavors such as raisin, plum, fig,
orange peel or lemon peel. May include distinctive flavors
from specific fermentables (molasses, honey, brown sugar,
etc.), although these elements are not required. A light spruce
or other evergreen tree character is optional but found in some
examples. The wide range of special ingredients should be
supportive and balanced, not so prominent as to overshadow
the base beer. Bitterness and hop flavor are generally restrained
so as to not interfere with the spices and special ingredients.
Generally finishes rather full and satisfying, and
often has some alcohol flavor. Roasted malt characteristics are
rare, and not usually stronger than chocolate.
Mouthfeel: A wide range of interpretations is possible. Body
is generally medium to full, and a certain malty chewiness is
often present. Moderately low to moderately high carbonation
is typical. Many examples will show some well-aged, warming
alcohol content, but without being overly hot. The beers
do not have to be overly strong to show some warming effects.
Overall Impression: A stronger, darker, spiced beer that often
has a rich body and warming finish suggesting a good accompaniment
for the cold winter season.
History: Throughout history, beer of a somewhat higher alcohol
content and richness has been enjoyed during the winter
holidays, when old friends get together to enjoy the season.
Many breweries produce unique seasonal offerings that may
be darker, stronger, spiced, or otherwise more characterful
than their normal beers. Spiced versions are an American or
Belgian tradition, since English or German breweries traditionally
do not use spices in their beer.
Ingredients: Generally ales, although some dark strong lagers
exist. Spices are required, and often include those evocative of
the Christmas season (e.g., allspice, nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves,
ginger) but any combination is possible and creativity is encouraged.
Fruit peel (e.g., oranges, lemon) may be used, as
may subtle additions of other fruits. May use a wide range of
crystal-type malts, particularly those that add dark fruit or
caramel flavors. Flavorful adjuncts are often used (e.g., molasses,
treacle, invert sugar, brown sugar, honey, maple syrup,
etc.).
Comments: Overall balance is the key to presenting a wellmade
Christmas beer. The special ingredients should complement
the base beer and not overwhelm it. The brewer should
recognize that some combinations of base beer styles and special
ingredients work well together while others do not make
for harmonious combinations. THE ENTRANT MAY DECLARE
AN UNDERLYING BEER STYLE AS WELL AS THE
SPECIAL INGREDIENTS USED. THE BASE STYLE,
SPICES OR OTHER INGREDIENTS NEED NOT BE IDENTIFIED.
THE BEER MUST INCLUDE SPICES AND MAY
INCLUDE OTHER FERMENTABLES (SUGARS, HONEY,
MAPLE SYRUP, MOLASSES, TREACLE, ETC.) OR FRUIT.
If the base beer is a classic style, the original style should come
through in aroma and flavor. Whenever spices, herbs or additional
fermentables are declared, each should be noticeable
and distinctive in its own way (although not necessarily individually
identifiable; balanced with the other ingredients is
still critical). English-style Winter Warmers (some of which
may be labeled Christmas Ales) are generally not spiced, and
should be entered as Old Ales. Belgian-style Christmas ales
should be entered as Belgian Specialty Ales (16E).
Vital Statistics: OG, FG, IBUs, SRM and ABV will vary depending
on the underlying base beer. ABV is generally above
6%, and most examples are somewhat dark in color.
Commercial Examples: Anchor Our Special Ale, Harpoon
Winter Warmer, Weyerbacher Winter Ale, Nils Oscar Julöl,
Goose Island Christmas Ale, North Coast Wintertime Ale,
Great Lakes Christmas Ale, Lakefront Holiday Spice Lager
Beer, Samuel Adams Winter Lager, Troegs The Mad Elf,
Jamtlands Julöl
examples are reminiscent of Christmas cookies, gingerbread,
English-type Christmas pudding, spruce trees, or mulling
spices. Any combination of aromatics that suggests the holiday
season is welcome. The base beer style often has a malty
profile that supports the balanced presentation of the aromatics
from spices and possibly other special ingredients. Additional
fermentables (e.g., honey, molasses, maple syrup, etc.)
may lend their own unique aromatics. Hop aromatics are often
absent, subdued, or slightly spicy. Some fruit character (often
of dried citrus peel, or dried fruit such as raisins or plums) is
optional but acceptable. Alcohol aromatics may be found in
some examples, but this character should be restrained. The
overall aroma should be balanced and harmonious, and is
often fairly complex and inviting.
Appearance: Generally medium amber to very dark brown
(darker versions are more common). Usually clear, although
darker versions may be virtually opaque. Some chill haze is
acceptable. Generally has a well-formed head that is often offwhite
to tan.
Flavor: Many interpretations are possible; allow for brewer
creativity as long as the resulting product is balanced and
provides some spice presentation. Spices associated with the
holiday season are typical (as mentioned in the Aroma section).
The spices and optional fermentables should be supportive
and blend well with the base beer style. Rich, malty and/
or sweet malt-based flavors are common, and may include
caramel, toast, nutty, or chocolate flavors. May include some
dried fruit or dried fruit peel flavors such as raisin, plum, fig,
orange peel or lemon peel. May include distinctive flavors
from specific fermentables (molasses, honey, brown sugar,
etc.), although these elements are not required. A light spruce
or other evergreen tree character is optional but found in some
examples. The wide range of special ingredients should be
supportive and balanced, not so prominent as to overshadow
the base beer. Bitterness and hop flavor are generally restrained
so as to not interfere with the spices and special ingredients.
Generally finishes rather full and satisfying, and
often has some alcohol flavor. Roasted malt characteristics are
rare, and not usually stronger than chocolate.
Mouthfeel: A wide range of interpretations is possible. Body
is generally medium to full, and a certain malty chewiness is
often present. Moderately low to moderately high carbonation
is typical. Many examples will show some well-aged, warming
alcohol content, but without being overly hot. The beers
do not have to be overly strong to show some warming effects.
Overall Impression: A stronger, darker, spiced beer that often
has a rich body and warming finish suggesting a good accompaniment
for the cold winter season.
History: Throughout history, beer of a somewhat higher alcohol
content and richness has been enjoyed during the winter
holidays, when old friends get together to enjoy the season.
Many breweries produce unique seasonal offerings that may
be darker, stronger, spiced, or otherwise more characterful
than their normal beers. Spiced versions are an American or
Belgian tradition, since English or German breweries traditionally
do not use spices in their beer.
Ingredients: Generally ales, although some dark strong lagers
exist. Spices are required, and often include those evocative of
the Christmas season (e.g., allspice, nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves,
ginger) but any combination is possible and creativity is encouraged.
Fruit peel (e.g., oranges, lemon) may be used, as
may subtle additions of other fruits. May use a wide range of
crystal-type malts, particularly those that add dark fruit or
caramel flavors. Flavorful adjuncts are often used (e.g., molasses,
treacle, invert sugar, brown sugar, honey, maple syrup,
etc.).
Comments: Overall balance is the key to presenting a wellmade
Christmas beer. The special ingredients should complement
the base beer and not overwhelm it. The brewer should
recognize that some combinations of base beer styles and special
ingredients work well together while others do not make
for harmonious combinations. THE ENTRANT MAY DECLARE
AN UNDERLYING BEER STYLE AS WELL AS THE
SPECIAL INGREDIENTS USED. THE BASE STYLE,
SPICES OR OTHER INGREDIENTS NEED NOT BE IDENTIFIED.
THE BEER MUST INCLUDE SPICES AND MAY
INCLUDE OTHER FERMENTABLES (SUGARS, HONEY,
MAPLE SYRUP, MOLASSES, TREACLE, ETC.) OR FRUIT.
If the base beer is a classic style, the original style should come
through in aroma and flavor. Whenever spices, herbs or additional
fermentables are declared, each should be noticeable
and distinctive in its own way (although not necessarily individually
identifiable; balanced with the other ingredients is
still critical). English-style Winter Warmers (some of which
may be labeled Christmas Ales) are generally not spiced, and
should be entered as Old Ales. Belgian-style Christmas ales
should be entered as Belgian Specialty Ales (16E).
Vital Statistics: OG, FG, IBUs, SRM and ABV will vary depending
on the underlying base beer. ABV is generally above
6%, and most examples are somewhat dark in color.
Commercial Examples: Anchor Our Special Ale, Harpoon
Winter Warmer, Weyerbacher Winter Ale, Nils Oscar Julöl,
Goose Island Christmas Ale, North Coast Wintertime Ale,
Great Lakes Christmas Ale, Lakefront Holiday Spice Lager
Beer, Samuel Adams Winter Lager, Troegs The Mad Elf,
Jamtlands Julöl
22A. Classic Rauchbier
22B. Other Smoked Beer
22C. Wood-Aged Beer
23. Speciality Beer
Aroma: Blend of smoke and malt, with a varying balance and
intensity. The beechwood smoke character can range from
subtle to fairly strong, and can seem smoky, bacon-like,
woody, or rarely almost greasy. The malt character can be low
to moderate, and be somewhat sweet, toasty, or malty. The
malt and smoke components are often inversely proportional
(i.e., when smoke increases, malt decreases, and vice versa).
Hop aroma may be very low to none. Clean, lager character
with no fruity esters, diacetyl or DMS.
Appearance: This should be a very clear beer, with a large,
creamy, rich, tan- to cream-colored head. Medium amber/light
copper to dark brown color.
Flavor: Generally follows the aroma profile, with a blend of
smoke and malt in varying balance and intensity, yet always
complementary. Märzen-like qualities should be noticeable,
particularly a malty, toasty richness, but the beechwood
smoke flavor can be low to high. The palate can be somewhat
malty and sweet, yet the finish can reflect both malt and
smoke. Moderate, balanced, hop bitterness, with a mediumdry
to dry finish (the smoke character enhances the dryness of
the finish). Noble hop flavor moderate to none. Clean lager
character with no fruity esters, diacetyl or DMS. Harsh, bitter,
burnt, charred, rubbery, sulfury or phenolic smoky characteristics
are inappropriate.
Mouthfeel: Medium body. Medium to medium-high carbonation.
Smooth lager character. Significant astringent, phenolic
harshness is inappropriate.
Overall Impression: Märzen/Oktoberfest-style (see 3B) beer
with a sweet, smoky aroma and flavor and a somewhat darker
color.
History: A historical specialty of the city of Bamberg, in the
Franconian region of Bavaria in Germany. Beechwood-smoked
malt is used to make a Märzen-style amber lager. The smoke
character of the malt varies by maltster; some breweries produce
their own smoked malt (rauchmalz).
Comments: The intensity of smoke character can vary widely;
not all examples are highly smoked. Allow for variation in the
style when judging. Other examples of smoked beers are
available in Germany, such as the Bocks, Hefe-Weizen, Dunkel,
Schwarz, and Helles-like beers, including examples such
as Spezial Lager. Brewers entering these styles should use
Other Smoked Beer (22B) as the entry category.
Ingredients: German Rauchmalz (beechwood-smoked
Vienna-type malt) typically makes up 20-100% of the grain
bill, with the remainder being German malts typically used in
a Märzen. Some breweries adjust the color slightly with a bit
of roasted malt. German lager yeast. German or Czech hops.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.057
IBUs:
20 – 30
FG:
1.012 – 1.016
SRM:
12 – 22
ABV:
4.8 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Schlenkerla Rauchbier Märzen, Kaiserdom
Rauchbier, Eisenbahn Rauchbier, Victory Scarlet Fire
Rauchbier, Spezial Rauchbier Märzen, Saranac Rauchbier
intensity. The beechwood smoke character can range from
subtle to fairly strong, and can seem smoky, bacon-like,
woody, or rarely almost greasy. The malt character can be low
to moderate, and be somewhat sweet, toasty, or malty. The
malt and smoke components are often inversely proportional
(i.e., when smoke increases, malt decreases, and vice versa).
Hop aroma may be very low to none. Clean, lager character
with no fruity esters, diacetyl or DMS.
Appearance: This should be a very clear beer, with a large,
creamy, rich, tan- to cream-colored head. Medium amber/light
copper to dark brown color.
Flavor: Generally follows the aroma profile, with a blend of
smoke and malt in varying balance and intensity, yet always
complementary. Märzen-like qualities should be noticeable,
particularly a malty, toasty richness, but the beechwood
smoke flavor can be low to high. The palate can be somewhat
malty and sweet, yet the finish can reflect both malt and
smoke. Moderate, balanced, hop bitterness, with a mediumdry
to dry finish (the smoke character enhances the dryness of
the finish). Noble hop flavor moderate to none. Clean lager
character with no fruity esters, diacetyl or DMS. Harsh, bitter,
burnt, charred, rubbery, sulfury or phenolic smoky characteristics
are inappropriate.
Mouthfeel: Medium body. Medium to medium-high carbonation.
Smooth lager character. Significant astringent, phenolic
harshness is inappropriate.
Overall Impression: Märzen/Oktoberfest-style (see 3B) beer
with a sweet, smoky aroma and flavor and a somewhat darker
color.
History: A historical specialty of the city of Bamberg, in the
Franconian region of Bavaria in Germany. Beechwood-smoked
malt is used to make a Märzen-style amber lager. The smoke
character of the malt varies by maltster; some breweries produce
their own smoked malt (rauchmalz).
Comments: The intensity of smoke character can vary widely;
not all examples are highly smoked. Allow for variation in the
style when judging. Other examples of smoked beers are
available in Germany, such as the Bocks, Hefe-Weizen, Dunkel,
Schwarz, and Helles-like beers, including examples such
as Spezial Lager. Brewers entering these styles should use
Other Smoked Beer (22B) as the entry category.
Ingredients: German Rauchmalz (beechwood-smoked
Vienna-type malt) typically makes up 20-100% of the grain
bill, with the remainder being German malts typically used in
a Märzen. Some breweries adjust the color slightly with a bit
of roasted malt. German lager yeast. German or Czech hops.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.057
IBUs:
20 – 30
FG:
1.012 – 1.016
SRM:
12 – 22
ABV:
4.8 – 6%
Commercial Examples: Schlenkerla Rauchbier Märzen, Kaiserdom
Rauchbier, Eisenbahn Rauchbier, Victory Scarlet Fire
Rauchbier, Spezial Rauchbier Märzen, Saranac Rauchbier
Aroma: The aroma should be a pleasant balance between the
expected aroma of the base beer (e.g., robust porter) and the
smokiness imparted by the use of smoked malts. The intensity
and character of the smoke and base beer style can vary, with
either being prominent in the balance. Smokiness may vary
from low to assertive; however, balance in the overall presentation
is the key to well-made examples. The quality and secondary
characteristics of the smoke are reflective of the source
of the smoke (e.g., peat, alder, oak, beechwood). Sharp, phenolic,
harsh, rubbery, or burnt smoke-derived aromatics are
inappropriate.
Appearance: Variable. The appearance should reflect the base
beer style, although the color of the beer is often a bit darker
than the plain base style.
Flavor: As with aroma, there should be a balance between
smokiness and the expected flavor characteristics of the base
beer style. Smokiness may vary from low to assertive. Smoky
flavors may range from woody to somewhat bacon-like depending
on the type of malts used. Peat-smoked malt can add
an earthiness. The balance of underlying beer characteristics
and smoke can vary, although the resulting blend should be
somewhat balanced and enjoyable. Smoke can add some dryness
to the finish. Harsh, bitter, burnt, charred, rubbery, sulfury
or phenolic smoky characteristics are generally inappropriate
(although some of these characteristics may be present
in some base styles; however, the smoked malt shouldn’t contribute
these flavors).
Mouthfeel: Varies with the base beer style. Significant astringent,
phenolic smoke-derived harshness is inappropriate.
Overall Impression: This is any beer that is exhibiting smoke
as a principle flavor and aroma characteristic other than the
Bamberg-style Rauchbier (i.e., beechwood-smoked Märzen).
Balance in the use of smoke, hops and malt character is exhibited
by the better examples.
Comments: Any style of beer can be smoked; the goal is to
reach a pleasant balance between the smoke character and the
base beer style. IF THIS BEER IS BASED ON A CLASSIC
STYLE (E.G., ROBUST PORTER) THEN THE SPECIFIC
STYLE MUST BE SPECIFIED. CLASSIC STYLES DO NOT
HAVE TO BE CITED (E.G., “PORTER” OR “BROWN ALE”
IS ACCEPTABLE). THE TYPE OF WOOD OR OTHER
SOURCE OF SMOKE MUST BE SPECIFIED IF A “VARIETAL”
CHARACTER IS NOTICEABLE. Entries that have a
classic style cited will be judged on how well that style is represented,
and how well it is balanced with the smoke character.
Entries with a specific type or types of smoke cited will be
judged on how well that type of smoke is recognizable and
marries with the base style. Specific classic styles or smoke
types do not have to be specified. For example, “smoked porter”
is as acceptable as “peat-smoked strong Scotch ale” or
“cherry-wood smoked IPA.” Judges should evaluate the beers
mostly on the overall balance, and how well the smoke character
enhances the base beer.
History: The process of using smoked malts more recently has
been adapted by craft brewers to other styles, notably porter
and strong Scotch ales. German brewers have traditionally
used smoked malts in bock, doppelbock, weizen, dunkel,
schwarzbier, helles, Pilsner, and other specialty styles.
Ingredients: Different materials used to smoke malt result in
unique flavor and aroma characteristics. Beechwood-, peat- or
other hardwood (oak, maple, mesquite, alder, pecan, apple,
cherry, other fruitwoods) smoked malts may be used. The
various woods may remind one of certain smoked products
due to their food association (e.g., hickory with ribs, maple
with bacon or sausage, and alder with salmon). Evergreen
wood should never be used since it adds a medicinal, piney
flavor to the malt. Excessive peat-smoked malt is generally
undesirable due to its sharp, piercing phenolics and dirt-like
earthiness. The remaining ingredients vary with the base style.
If smoked malts are combined with other unusual ingredients
(fruits, vegetables, spices, honey, etc.) in noticeable quantities,
the resulting beer should be entered in the specialty/
experimental category.
Vital Statistics: Varies with the base beer style.
Commercial Examples: Alaskan Smoked Porter, O’Fallons
Smoked Porter, Spezial Lagerbier, Weissbier and Bockbier,
Stone Smoked Porter, Schlenkerla Weizen Rauchbier and Ur-
Bock Rauchbier, Rogue Smoke, Oskar Blues Old Chub, Left
Hand Smoke Jumper, Dark Horse Fore Smoked Stout, Magic
Hat Jinx
expected aroma of the base beer (e.g., robust porter) and the
smokiness imparted by the use of smoked malts. The intensity
and character of the smoke and base beer style can vary, with
either being prominent in the balance. Smokiness may vary
from low to assertive; however, balance in the overall presentation
is the key to well-made examples. The quality and secondary
characteristics of the smoke are reflective of the source
of the smoke (e.g., peat, alder, oak, beechwood). Sharp, phenolic,
harsh, rubbery, or burnt smoke-derived aromatics are
inappropriate.
Appearance: Variable. The appearance should reflect the base
beer style, although the color of the beer is often a bit darker
than the plain base style.
Flavor: As with aroma, there should be a balance between
smokiness and the expected flavor characteristics of the base
beer style. Smokiness may vary from low to assertive. Smoky
flavors may range from woody to somewhat bacon-like depending
on the type of malts used. Peat-smoked malt can add
an earthiness. The balance of underlying beer characteristics
and smoke can vary, although the resulting blend should be
somewhat balanced and enjoyable. Smoke can add some dryness
to the finish. Harsh, bitter, burnt, charred, rubbery, sulfury
or phenolic smoky characteristics are generally inappropriate
(although some of these characteristics may be present
in some base styles; however, the smoked malt shouldn’t contribute
these flavors).
Mouthfeel: Varies with the base beer style. Significant astringent,
phenolic smoke-derived harshness is inappropriate.
Overall Impression: This is any beer that is exhibiting smoke
as a principle flavor and aroma characteristic other than the
Bamberg-style Rauchbier (i.e., beechwood-smoked Märzen).
Balance in the use of smoke, hops and malt character is exhibited
by the better examples.
Comments: Any style of beer can be smoked; the goal is to
reach a pleasant balance between the smoke character and the
base beer style. IF THIS BEER IS BASED ON A CLASSIC
STYLE (E.G., ROBUST PORTER) THEN THE SPECIFIC
STYLE MUST BE SPECIFIED. CLASSIC STYLES DO NOT
HAVE TO BE CITED (E.G., “PORTER” OR “BROWN ALE”
IS ACCEPTABLE). THE TYPE OF WOOD OR OTHER
SOURCE OF SMOKE MUST BE SPECIFIED IF A “VARIETAL”
CHARACTER IS NOTICEABLE. Entries that have a
classic style cited will be judged on how well that style is represented,
and how well it is balanced with the smoke character.
Entries with a specific type or types of smoke cited will be
judged on how well that type of smoke is recognizable and
marries with the base style. Specific classic styles or smoke
types do not have to be specified. For example, “smoked porter”
is as acceptable as “peat-smoked strong Scotch ale” or
“cherry-wood smoked IPA.” Judges should evaluate the beers
mostly on the overall balance, and how well the smoke character
enhances the base beer.
History: The process of using smoked malts more recently has
been adapted by craft brewers to other styles, notably porter
and strong Scotch ales. German brewers have traditionally
used smoked malts in bock, doppelbock, weizen, dunkel,
schwarzbier, helles, Pilsner, and other specialty styles.
Ingredients: Different materials used to smoke malt result in
unique flavor and aroma characteristics. Beechwood-, peat- or
other hardwood (oak, maple, mesquite, alder, pecan, apple,
cherry, other fruitwoods) smoked malts may be used. The
various woods may remind one of certain smoked products
due to their food association (e.g., hickory with ribs, maple
with bacon or sausage, and alder with salmon). Evergreen
wood should never be used since it adds a medicinal, piney
flavor to the malt. Excessive peat-smoked malt is generally
undesirable due to its sharp, piercing phenolics and dirt-like
earthiness. The remaining ingredients vary with the base style.
If smoked malts are combined with other unusual ingredients
(fruits, vegetables, spices, honey, etc.) in noticeable quantities,
the resulting beer should be entered in the specialty/
experimental category.
Vital Statistics: Varies with the base beer style.
Commercial Examples: Alaskan Smoked Porter, O’Fallons
Smoked Porter, Spezial Lagerbier, Weissbier and Bockbier,
Stone Smoked Porter, Schlenkerla Weizen Rauchbier and Ur-
Bock Rauchbier, Rogue Smoke, Oskar Blues Old Chub, Left
Hand Smoke Jumper, Dark Horse Fore Smoked Stout, Magic
Hat Jinx
Aroma: Varies with base style. A low to moderate wood- or
oak-based aroma is usually present. Fresh wood can occasionally
impart raw “green” aromatics, although this character
should never be too strong. Other optional aromatics include a
low to moderate vanilla, caramel, toffee, toast, or cocoa character,
as well as any aromatics associated with alcohol previously
stored in the wood (if any). Any alcohol character
should be smooth and balanced, not hot. Some background
oxidation character is optional, and can take on a pleasant,
sherry-like character and not be papery or cardboard-like.
Appearance: Varies with base style. Often darker than the
unadulterated base beer style, particularly if toasted/charred
oak and/or whiskey/bourbon barrels are used.
Flavor: Varies with base style. Wood usually contributes a
woody or oaky flavor, which can occasionally take on a raw
“green” flavor if new wood is used. Other flavors that may
optionally be present include vanilla (from vanillin in the
wood); caramel, butterscotch, toasted bread or almonds (from
toasted wood); coffee, chocolate, cocoa (from charred wood or
bourbon casks); and alcohol flavors from other products previously
stored in the wood (if any). The wood and/or other
cask-derived flavors should be balanced, supportive and noticeable,
but should not overpower the base beer style. Occasionally
there may be an optional lactic or acetic tartness or
Brett funkiness in the beer, but this should not be higher than
a background flavor (if present at all). Some background oxidation
character is optional, although this should take on a
pleasant, sherry-like character and not be papery or
cardboard-like.
Mouthfeel: Varies with base style. Often fuller than the unadulterated
base beer, and may exhibit additional alcohol
warming if wood has previously been in contact with other
alcoholic products. Higher alcohol levels should not result in
“hot” beers; aged, smooth flavors are most desirable. Wood
can also add tannins to the beer, depending on age of the cask.
The tannins can lead to additional astringency (which should
never be high), or simply a fuller mouthfeel. Tart or acidic
characteristics should be low to none.
Overall Impression: A harmonious blend of the base beer
style with characteristics from aging in contact with wood
(including any alcoholic products previously in contact with
the wood). The best examples will be smooth, flavorful, wellbalanced
and well-aged. Beers made using either limited wood
aging or products that only provide a subtle background character
may be entered in the base beer style categories as long as the wood
character isn’t prominently featured.
History: A traditional production method that is rarely used
by major breweries, and usually only with specialty products.
Becoming more popular with modern American craft breweries
looking for new, distinctive products. Oak cask and barrels
are traditional, although other woods can be used.
Comments: The base beer style should be apparent. The
wood-based character should be evident, but not so dominant
as to unbalance the beer. The intensity of the wood-based flavors
is based on the contact time with the wood; the age, condition,
and previous usage of the barrel; and the type of wood.
Any additional alcoholic products previously stored in the
wood should be evident (if declared as part of the entry), but
should not be so dominant as to unbalance the beer. IF THIS
BEER IS BASED ON A CLASSIC STYLE (E.G., ROBUST
PORTER) THEN THE SPECIFIC STYLE MUST BE SPECIFIED.
CLASSIC STYLES DO NOT HAVE TO BE CITED
(E.G., “PORTER” OR “BROWN ALE” IS ACCEPTABLE).
THE TYPE OF WOOD MUST BE SPECIFIED IF A “VARIETAL”
CHARACTER IS NOTICEABLE. (e.g., English IPA
with Oak Chips, Bourbon Barrel-aged Imperial Stout, American
Barleywine in an Oak Whiskey Cask). The brewer should
specify any unusual ingredients in either the base style or the
wood if those characteristics are noticeable. Specialty or experimental
base beer styles may be specified, as long as the
other specialty ingredients are identified. THIS CATEGORY
SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR BASE STYLES WHERE
BARREL-AGING IS A FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT
FOR THE STYLE (e.g., Flanders Red, Lambic, etc.).
Ingredients: Varies with base style. Aged in wooden casks or
barrels (often previously used to store whiskey, bourbon, port,
sherry, Madeira, or wine), or using wood-based additives
(wood chips, wood staves, oak essence). Fuller-bodied, highergravity
base styles often are used since they can best stand up
to the additional flavors, although experimentation is encouraged.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
varies with base style,
FG:
varies with base style
typically above-average
ABV:
varies with base style
IBUs:
varies with base style
typically above-average
SRM:
varies with base style,
often darker than the
unadulterated base style
Commercial Examples: The Lost Abbey Angel’s Share Ale,
J.W. Lees Harvest Ale in Port, Sherry, Lagavulin Whisky or
Calvados Casks, Bush Prestige, Petrus Aged Pale, Firestone
Walker Double Barrel Ale, Dominion Oak Barrel Stout, New
Holland Dragons Milk, Great Divide Oak Aged Yeti Imperial
Stout, Goose Island Bourbon County Stout, Le Coq Imperial
Extra Double Stout, Harviestoun Old Engine Oil Special Reserve,
many microbreweries have specialty beers served only
on premises often directly from the cask.
oak-based aroma is usually present. Fresh wood can occasionally
impart raw “green” aromatics, although this character
should never be too strong. Other optional aromatics include a
low to moderate vanilla, caramel, toffee, toast, or cocoa character,
as well as any aromatics associated with alcohol previously
stored in the wood (if any). Any alcohol character
should be smooth and balanced, not hot. Some background
oxidation character is optional, and can take on a pleasant,
sherry-like character and not be papery or cardboard-like.
Appearance: Varies with base style. Often darker than the
unadulterated base beer style, particularly if toasted/charred
oak and/or whiskey/bourbon barrels are used.
Flavor: Varies with base style. Wood usually contributes a
woody or oaky flavor, which can occasionally take on a raw
“green” flavor if new wood is used. Other flavors that may
optionally be present include vanilla (from vanillin in the
wood); caramel, butterscotch, toasted bread or almonds (from
toasted wood); coffee, chocolate, cocoa (from charred wood or
bourbon casks); and alcohol flavors from other products previously
stored in the wood (if any). The wood and/or other
cask-derived flavors should be balanced, supportive and noticeable,
but should not overpower the base beer style. Occasionally
there may be an optional lactic or acetic tartness or
Brett funkiness in the beer, but this should not be higher than
a background flavor (if present at all). Some background oxidation
character is optional, although this should take on a
pleasant, sherry-like character and not be papery or
cardboard-like.
Mouthfeel: Varies with base style. Often fuller than the unadulterated
base beer, and may exhibit additional alcohol
warming if wood has previously been in contact with other
alcoholic products. Higher alcohol levels should not result in
“hot” beers; aged, smooth flavors are most desirable. Wood
can also add tannins to the beer, depending on age of the cask.
The tannins can lead to additional astringency (which should
never be high), or simply a fuller mouthfeel. Tart or acidic
characteristics should be low to none.
Overall Impression: A harmonious blend of the base beer
style with characteristics from aging in contact with wood
(including any alcoholic products previously in contact with
the wood). The best examples will be smooth, flavorful, wellbalanced
and well-aged. Beers made using either limited wood
aging or products that only provide a subtle background character
may be entered in the base beer style categories as long as the wood
character isn’t prominently featured.
History: A traditional production method that is rarely used
by major breweries, and usually only with specialty products.
Becoming more popular with modern American craft breweries
looking for new, distinctive products. Oak cask and barrels
are traditional, although other woods can be used.
Comments: The base beer style should be apparent. The
wood-based character should be evident, but not so dominant
as to unbalance the beer. The intensity of the wood-based flavors
is based on the contact time with the wood; the age, condition,
and previous usage of the barrel; and the type of wood.
Any additional alcoholic products previously stored in the
wood should be evident (if declared as part of the entry), but
should not be so dominant as to unbalance the beer. IF THIS
BEER IS BASED ON A CLASSIC STYLE (E.G., ROBUST
PORTER) THEN THE SPECIFIC STYLE MUST BE SPECIFIED.
CLASSIC STYLES DO NOT HAVE TO BE CITED
(E.G., “PORTER” OR “BROWN ALE” IS ACCEPTABLE).
THE TYPE OF WOOD MUST BE SPECIFIED IF A “VARIETAL”
CHARACTER IS NOTICEABLE. (e.g., English IPA
with Oak Chips, Bourbon Barrel-aged Imperial Stout, American
Barleywine in an Oak Whiskey Cask). The brewer should
specify any unusual ingredients in either the base style or the
wood if those characteristics are noticeable. Specialty or experimental
base beer styles may be specified, as long as the
other specialty ingredients are identified. THIS CATEGORY
SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR BASE STYLES WHERE
BARREL-AGING IS A FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT
FOR THE STYLE (e.g., Flanders Red, Lambic, etc.).
Ingredients: Varies with base style. Aged in wooden casks or
barrels (often previously used to store whiskey, bourbon, port,
sherry, Madeira, or wine), or using wood-based additives
(wood chips, wood staves, oak essence). Fuller-bodied, highergravity
base styles often are used since they can best stand up
to the additional flavors, although experimentation is encouraged.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
varies with base style,
FG:
varies with base style
typically above-average
ABV:
varies with base style
IBUs:
varies with base style
typically above-average
SRM:
varies with base style,
often darker than the
unadulterated base style
Commercial Examples: The Lost Abbey Angel’s Share Ale,
J.W. Lees Harvest Ale in Port, Sherry, Lagavulin Whisky or
Calvados Casks, Bush Prestige, Petrus Aged Pale, Firestone
Walker Double Barrel Ale, Dominion Oak Barrel Stout, New
Holland Dragons Milk, Great Divide Oak Aged Yeti Imperial
Stout, Goose Island Bourbon County Stout, Le Coq Imperial
Extra Double Stout, Harviestoun Old Engine Oil Special Reserve,
many microbreweries have specialty beers served only
on premises often directly from the cask.
23. Speciality Beer
24. Traditional Mead
This is explicitly a catch-all category for any beer that does
not fit into an existing style category. No beer is ever “out of
style” in this category, unless it fits elsewhere.
The category is intended for any type of beer, including the
following techniques or ingredients:
• Unusual techniques (e.g., steinbier, ice/eis beers)
• Unusual fermentables (e.g., maple syrup, honey, molasses,
sorghum)
• Unusual adjuncts (e.g., oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes)
• Combinations of other style categories (e.g., India
Brown Ale, fruit-and-spice beers, smoked spiced
beers)
• Out-of-style variations of existing styles (e.g., low
alcohol versions of other styles, extra-hoppy beers,
“imperial” strength beers)
• Historical, traditional or indigenous beers (e.g., Louvain
Peetermann, Sahti, vatted Porter with Brettanomyces,
Colonial Spruce or Juniper beers, Kvass,
Grätzer)
• American-style interpretations of European styles
(e.g., hoppier, stronger, or ale versions of lagers) or
other variants of traditional styles
• Clones of specific commercial beers that aren’t good
representations of existing styles
• Any experimental beer that a brewer creates, including
any beer that simply does not evaluate well
against existing style definitions
This category can also be used as an “incubator” for any minor
world beer style (other than Belgians) for which there is currently
no BJCP category. If sufficient interest exists, some of
these minor styles might be promoted to full styles in the future.
Some styles that fall into this grouping include:
• Honey Beers (not Braggots)
• Wiess (cloudy, young Kölsch)
• Sticke Altbier
• Münster Altbier
• Imperial Porter
• Classic American Cream Ale
• Czech Dark Lager
• English Pale Mild
• Scottish 90/-
• American Stock Ale
• English Strong Ale
• Non-alcoholic “Beer”
• Kellerbier
• Malt Liquor
• Australian Sparkling Ale
• Imperial/Double Red Ale
• Imperial/Double Brown Ale
• Rye IPA
• Dark American Wheat/Rye
Note that certain other specialty categories exist in the guidelines.
Belgian Specialties or clones of specific Belgian beers
should be entered in Category 16E. Christmas-type beers
should be entered in Category 21B (unless they are Belgian
Christmas-type beers; these should be entered in 16E). Beers
with only one type of fruit, spice, herbs, vegetables, or smoke
should be entered in Categories 20-22. Specialty meads or ciders
should be entered in their respective categories (26C for
meads, 28D for ciders).
Aroma: The character of the stated specialty ingredient or nature
should be evident in the aroma, but harmonious with the
other components (yet not totally overpowering them). Overall
the aroma should be a pleasant combination of malt, hops
and the featured specialty ingredient or nature as appropriate
to the specific type of beer being presented. The individual
character of special ingredients and processes may not always
be identifiable when used in combination. If a classic style
base beer is specified then the characteristics of that classic
style should be noticeable. Note, however, that classic styles
will have a different impression when brewed with unusual
ingredients, additives or processes. The typical aroma components
of classic beer styles (particularly hops) may be intentionally
subdued to allow the special ingredients or nature to
be more apparent.
Appearance: Appearance should be appropriate to the base
beer being presented and will vary depending on the base
beer (if declared). Note that unusual ingredients or processes
may affect the appearance so that the result is quite different
from the declared base style. Some ingredients may add color
(including to the head), and may affect head formation and
retention.
Flavor: As with aroma, the distinctive flavor character associated
with the stated specialty nature should be noticeable, and
may range in intensity from subtle to aggressive. The marriage
of specialty ingredients or nature with the underlying beer
should be harmonious, and the specialty character should not
seem artificial and/or totally overpowering. Hop bitterness,
flavor, malt flavors, alcohol content, and fermentation byproducts,
such as esters or diacetyl, should be appropriate to
the base beer (if declared) and be well-integrated with the distinctive
specialty flavors present. Some ingredients may add
tartness, sweetness, or other flavor by-products. Remember
that fruit and sugar adjuncts generally add flavor and not excessive
sweetness to beer. The sugary adjuncts, as well as
sugar found in fruit, are usually fully fermented and contribute
to a lighter flavor profile and a drier finish than might be
expected for the declared base style. The individual character
of special ingredients and processes may not always be identifiable
when used in combination. If a classic style base beer is
specified then the characteristics of that classic style should be
noticeable. Note, however, that classic styles will have a different
impression when brewed with unusual ingredients, additives
or processes. Note that these components (especially
hops) may be intentionally subdued to allow the specialty
character to come through in the final presentation.
Mouthfeel: Mouthfeel may vary depending on the base beer
selected and as appropriate to that base beer (if declared).
Body and carbonation levels should be appropriate to the base
beer style being presented. Unusual ingredients or processes
may affect the mouthfeel so that the result is quite different
from the declared base style.
Overall Impression: A harmonious marriage of ingredients,
processes and beer. The key attributes of the underlying style
(if declared) will be atypical due to the addition of special ingredients
or techniques; do not expect the base beer to taste
the same as the unadulterated version. Judge the beer based
on the pleasantness and harmony of the resulting combination.
The overall uniqueness of the process, ingredients used,
and creativity should be considered. The overall rating of the
beer depends heavily on the inherently subjective assessment
of distinctiveness and drinkability.
Base Style: THE BREWER MAY SPECIFY AN UNDERLYING
BEER STYLE. The base style may be a classic style (i.e., a
named subcategory from these Style Guidelines) or a broader
characterization (e.g., “Porter” or “Brown Ale”). If a base style
is declared, the style should be recognizable. The beer should
be judged by how well the special ingredient or process complements,
enhances, and harmonizes with the underlying
style.
Comments: Overall harmony and drinkability are the keys to
presenting a well-made specialty beer. The distinctive nature
of the stated specialty ingredients/methods should complement
the original style (if declared) and not totally overwhelm
it. The brewer should recognize that some combinations of
base beer styles and ingredients or techniques work well together
while others do not make palatable combinations. THE
BREWER MUST SPECIFY THE “EXPERIMENTAL NATURE”
OF THE BEER (E.G., TYPE OF SPECIAL INGREDIENTS
USED, PROCESS UTILIZED OR HISTORICAL
STYLE BEING BREWED), OR WHY THE BEER DOESN’T
FIT AN ESTABLISHED STYLE. For historical styles or unusual
ingredients/techniques that may not be known to all
beer judges, the brewer should provide descriptions of the
styles, ingredients and/or techniques as an aid to the judges.
Vital Statistics: OG, FG, IBUs, SRM and ABV will vary depending
on the underlying base beer.
Commercial Examples: Bell’s Rye Stout, Bell’s Eccentric Ale,
Samuel Adams Triple Bock and Utopias, Hair of the Dog
Adam, Great Alba Scots Pine, Tommyknocker Maple Nut
Brown Ale, Great Divide Bee Sting Honey Ale, Stoudt’s Honey
Double Mai Bock, Rogue Dad’s Little Helper, Rogue Honey
Cream Ale, Dogfish Head India Brown Ale, Zum Uerige Sticke
and Doppel Sticke Altbier, Yards Brewing Company General
Washington Tavern Porter, Rauchenfels Steinbier, Odells 90
Shilling Ale, Bear Republic Red Rocket Ale, Stone Arrogant
Bastard
not fit into an existing style category. No beer is ever “out of
style” in this category, unless it fits elsewhere.
The category is intended for any type of beer, including the
following techniques or ingredients:
• Unusual techniques (e.g., steinbier, ice/eis beers)
• Unusual fermentables (e.g., maple syrup, honey, molasses,
sorghum)
• Unusual adjuncts (e.g., oats, rye, buckwheat, potatoes)
• Combinations of other style categories (e.g., India
Brown Ale, fruit-and-spice beers, smoked spiced
beers)
• Out-of-style variations of existing styles (e.g., low
alcohol versions of other styles, extra-hoppy beers,
“imperial” strength beers)
• Historical, traditional or indigenous beers (e.g., Louvain
Peetermann, Sahti, vatted Porter with Brettanomyces,
Colonial Spruce or Juniper beers, Kvass,
Grätzer)
• American-style interpretations of European styles
(e.g., hoppier, stronger, or ale versions of lagers) or
other variants of traditional styles
• Clones of specific commercial beers that aren’t good
representations of existing styles
• Any experimental beer that a brewer creates, including
any beer that simply does not evaluate well
against existing style definitions
This category can also be used as an “incubator” for any minor
world beer style (other than Belgians) for which there is currently
no BJCP category. If sufficient interest exists, some of
these minor styles might be promoted to full styles in the future.
Some styles that fall into this grouping include:
• Honey Beers (not Braggots)
• Wiess (cloudy, young Kölsch)
• Sticke Altbier
• Münster Altbier
• Imperial Porter
• Classic American Cream Ale
• Czech Dark Lager
• English Pale Mild
• Scottish 90/-
• American Stock Ale
• English Strong Ale
• Non-alcoholic “Beer”
• Kellerbier
• Malt Liquor
• Australian Sparkling Ale
• Imperial/Double Red Ale
• Imperial/Double Brown Ale
• Rye IPA
• Dark American Wheat/Rye
Note that certain other specialty categories exist in the guidelines.
Belgian Specialties or clones of specific Belgian beers
should be entered in Category 16E. Christmas-type beers
should be entered in Category 21B (unless they are Belgian
Christmas-type beers; these should be entered in 16E). Beers
with only one type of fruit, spice, herbs, vegetables, or smoke
should be entered in Categories 20-22. Specialty meads or ciders
should be entered in their respective categories (26C for
meads, 28D for ciders).
Aroma: The character of the stated specialty ingredient or nature
should be evident in the aroma, but harmonious with the
other components (yet not totally overpowering them). Overall
the aroma should be a pleasant combination of malt, hops
and the featured specialty ingredient or nature as appropriate
to the specific type of beer being presented. The individual
character of special ingredients and processes may not always
be identifiable when used in combination. If a classic style
base beer is specified then the characteristics of that classic
style should be noticeable. Note, however, that classic styles
will have a different impression when brewed with unusual
ingredients, additives or processes. The typical aroma components
of classic beer styles (particularly hops) may be intentionally
subdued to allow the special ingredients or nature to
be more apparent.
Appearance: Appearance should be appropriate to the base
beer being presented and will vary depending on the base
beer (if declared). Note that unusual ingredients or processes
may affect the appearance so that the result is quite different
from the declared base style. Some ingredients may add color
(including to the head), and may affect head formation and
retention.
Flavor: As with aroma, the distinctive flavor character associated
with the stated specialty nature should be noticeable, and
may range in intensity from subtle to aggressive. The marriage
of specialty ingredients or nature with the underlying beer
should be harmonious, and the specialty character should not
seem artificial and/or totally overpowering. Hop bitterness,
flavor, malt flavors, alcohol content, and fermentation byproducts,
such as esters or diacetyl, should be appropriate to
the base beer (if declared) and be well-integrated with the distinctive
specialty flavors present. Some ingredients may add
tartness, sweetness, or other flavor by-products. Remember
that fruit and sugar adjuncts generally add flavor and not excessive
sweetness to beer. The sugary adjuncts, as well as
sugar found in fruit, are usually fully fermented and contribute
to a lighter flavor profile and a drier finish than might be
expected for the declared base style. The individual character
of special ingredients and processes may not always be identifiable
when used in combination. If a classic style base beer is
specified then the characteristics of that classic style should be
noticeable. Note, however, that classic styles will have a different
impression when brewed with unusual ingredients, additives
or processes. Note that these components (especially
hops) may be intentionally subdued to allow the specialty
character to come through in the final presentation.
Mouthfeel: Mouthfeel may vary depending on the base beer
selected and as appropriate to that base beer (if declared).
Body and carbonation levels should be appropriate to the base
beer style being presented. Unusual ingredients or processes
may affect the mouthfeel so that the result is quite different
from the declared base style.
Overall Impression: A harmonious marriage of ingredients,
processes and beer. The key attributes of the underlying style
(if declared) will be atypical due to the addition of special ingredients
or techniques; do not expect the base beer to taste
the same as the unadulterated version. Judge the beer based
on the pleasantness and harmony of the resulting combination.
The overall uniqueness of the process, ingredients used,
and creativity should be considered. The overall rating of the
beer depends heavily on the inherently subjective assessment
of distinctiveness and drinkability.
Base Style: THE BREWER MAY SPECIFY AN UNDERLYING
BEER STYLE. The base style may be a classic style (i.e., a
named subcategory from these Style Guidelines) or a broader
characterization (e.g., “Porter” or “Brown Ale”). If a base style
is declared, the style should be recognizable. The beer should
be judged by how well the special ingredient or process complements,
enhances, and harmonizes with the underlying
style.
Comments: Overall harmony and drinkability are the keys to
presenting a well-made specialty beer. The distinctive nature
of the stated specialty ingredients/methods should complement
the original style (if declared) and not totally overwhelm
it. The brewer should recognize that some combinations of
base beer styles and ingredients or techniques work well together
while others do not make palatable combinations. THE
BREWER MUST SPECIFY THE “EXPERIMENTAL NATURE”
OF THE BEER (E.G., TYPE OF SPECIAL INGREDIENTS
USED, PROCESS UTILIZED OR HISTORICAL
STYLE BEING BREWED), OR WHY THE BEER DOESN’T
FIT AN ESTABLISHED STYLE. For historical styles or unusual
ingredients/techniques that may not be known to all
beer judges, the brewer should provide descriptions of the
styles, ingredients and/or techniques as an aid to the judges.
Vital Statistics: OG, FG, IBUs, SRM and ABV will vary depending
on the underlying base beer.
Commercial Examples: Bell’s Rye Stout, Bell’s Eccentric Ale,
Samuel Adams Triple Bock and Utopias, Hair of the Dog
Adam, Great Alba Scots Pine, Tommyknocker Maple Nut
Brown Ale, Great Divide Bee Sting Honey Ale, Stoudt’s Honey
Double Mai Bock, Rogue Dad’s Little Helper, Rogue Honey
Cream Ale, Dogfish Head India Brown Ale, Zum Uerige Sticke
and Doppel Sticke Altbier, Yards Brewing Company General
Washington Tavern Porter, Rauchenfels Steinbier, Odells 90
Shilling Ale, Bear Republic Red Rocket Ale, Stone Arrogant
Bastard
24A. Dry Mead
24B. Semi-sweet Mead
24C. Sweet Mead
25. Melomel (Fruit Mead)
Aroma: Honey aroma may be subtle, although not always
identifiable. Sweetness or significant honey aromatics should
not be expected. If a honey variety is declared, the variety
should be distinctive (if noticeable). Different types of honey
have different intensities and characters. Standard description
applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies.
Flavor: Subtle (if any) honey character, and may feature subtle
to noticeable varietal character if a varietal honey is declared
(different varieties have different intensities). No to minimal
residual sweetness with a dry finish. Sulfury, harsh or yeasty
fermentation characteristics are undesirable. Standard description
applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies, although the body is
generally light to medium. Note that stronger meads will have
a fuller body. Sensations of body should not be accompanied
by noticeable residual sweetness.
Overall Impression: Similar in balance, body, finish and flavor
intensity to a dry white wine, with a pleasant mixture of subtle
honey character, soft fruity esters, and clean alcohol. Complexity,
harmony, and balance of sensory elements are most desirable,
with no inconsistencies in color, aroma, flavor or aftertaste.
The proper balance of sweetness, acidity, alcohol and
honey character is the essential final measure of any mead.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. Traditional Meads
feature the character of a blended honey or a blend of honeys.
Varietal meads feature the distinctive character of certain honeys.
“Show meads” feature no additives, but this distinction is
usually not obvious to judges.
Comments: See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level and strength.
Sweetness is assumed to be DRY in this category. Entrants MAY
specify honey varieties.
Commercial Examples: White Winter Dry Mead, Sky River
Dry Mead, Intermiel Bouquet Printanier
identifiable. Sweetness or significant honey aromatics should
not be expected. If a honey variety is declared, the variety
should be distinctive (if noticeable). Different types of honey
have different intensities and characters. Standard description
applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies.
Flavor: Subtle (if any) honey character, and may feature subtle
to noticeable varietal character if a varietal honey is declared
(different varieties have different intensities). No to minimal
residual sweetness with a dry finish. Sulfury, harsh or yeasty
fermentation characteristics are undesirable. Standard description
applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies, although the body is
generally light to medium. Note that stronger meads will have
a fuller body. Sensations of body should not be accompanied
by noticeable residual sweetness.
Overall Impression: Similar in balance, body, finish and flavor
intensity to a dry white wine, with a pleasant mixture of subtle
honey character, soft fruity esters, and clean alcohol. Complexity,
harmony, and balance of sensory elements are most desirable,
with no inconsistencies in color, aroma, flavor or aftertaste.
The proper balance of sweetness, acidity, alcohol and
honey character is the essential final measure of any mead.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. Traditional Meads
feature the character of a blended honey or a blend of honeys.
Varietal meads feature the distinctive character of certain honeys.
“Show meads” feature no additives, but this distinction is
usually not obvious to judges.
Comments: See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level and strength.
Sweetness is assumed to be DRY in this category. Entrants MAY
specify honey varieties.
Commercial Examples: White Winter Dry Mead, Sky River
Dry Mead, Intermiel Bouquet Printanier
Aroma: Honey aroma should be noticeable, and can have a
light sweetness that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If
a variety of honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle
to very noticeable varietal character reflective of the honey
(different varieties have different intensities and characters).
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies.
Flavor: Subtle to moderate honey character, and may feature
subtle to noticeable varietal character if a varietal honey is
declared (different varieties have different intensities). Subtle
to moderate residual sweetness with a medium-dry finish.
Sulfury, harsh or yeasty fermentation characteristics are undesirable.
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies, although the body is
generally medium-light to medium-full. Note that stronger
meads will have a fuller body. Sensations of body should not
be accompanied by a residual sweetness that is higher than
moderate.
Overall Impression: Similar in balance, body, finish and flavor
intensity to a semisweet (or medium-dry) white wine, with a
pleasant mixture of honey character, light sweetness, soft
fruity esters, and clean alcohol. Complexity, harmony, and
balance of sensory elements are most desirable, with no inconsistencies
in color, aroma, flavor or aftertaste. The proper balance
of sweetness, acidity, alcohol and honey character is the
essential final measure of any mead.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. Traditional Meads
feature the character of a blended honey or a blend of honeys.
Varietal meads feature the distinctive character of certain honeys.
“Show meads” feature no additives, but this distinction is
usually not obvious to judges.
Comments: See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level and strength.
Sweetness is assumed to be SEMI-SWEET in this category. Entrants
MAY specify honey varieties.
Commercial Examples: Lurgashall English Mead, Redstone
Traditional Mountain Honey Wine, Sky River Semi-Sweet
Mead, Intermiel Verge d’Or and Mélilot
light sweetness that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If
a variety of honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle
to very noticeable varietal character reflective of the honey
(different varieties have different intensities and characters).
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies.
Flavor: Subtle to moderate honey character, and may feature
subtle to noticeable varietal character if a varietal honey is
declared (different varieties have different intensities). Subtle
to moderate residual sweetness with a medium-dry finish.
Sulfury, harsh or yeasty fermentation characteristics are undesirable.
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies, although the body is
generally medium-light to medium-full. Note that stronger
meads will have a fuller body. Sensations of body should not
be accompanied by a residual sweetness that is higher than
moderate.
Overall Impression: Similar in balance, body, finish and flavor
intensity to a semisweet (or medium-dry) white wine, with a
pleasant mixture of honey character, light sweetness, soft
fruity esters, and clean alcohol. Complexity, harmony, and
balance of sensory elements are most desirable, with no inconsistencies
in color, aroma, flavor or aftertaste. The proper balance
of sweetness, acidity, alcohol and honey character is the
essential final measure of any mead.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. Traditional Meads
feature the character of a blended honey or a blend of honeys.
Varietal meads feature the distinctive character of certain honeys.
“Show meads” feature no additives, but this distinction is
usually not obvious to judges.
Comments: See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level and strength.
Sweetness is assumed to be SEMI-SWEET in this category. Entrants
MAY specify honey varieties.
Commercial Examples: Lurgashall English Mead, Redstone
Traditional Mountain Honey Wine, Sky River Semi-Sweet
Mead, Intermiel Verge d’Or and Mélilot
Aroma: Honey aroma should dominate, and is often moderately
to strongly sweet and usually expresses the aroma of
flower nectar. If a variety of honey is declared, the aroma
might have a subtle to very noticeable varietal character reflective
of the honey (different varieties have different intensities
and characters). Standard description applies for remainder of
characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies.
Flavor: Moderate to significant honey character, and may feature
moderate to prominent varietal character if a varietal
honey is declared (different varieties have different intensities).
Moderate to high residual sweetness with a sweet and
full (but not cloying) finish. Sulfury, harsh or yeasty fermentation
characteristics are undesirable. Standard description applies
for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies, although the body is
generally medium-full to full. Note that stronger meads will
have a fuller body. Many seem like a dessert wine. Sensations
of body should not be accompanied by cloying, raw residual
sweetness.
Overall Impression: Similar in balance, body, finish and flavor
intensity to a well-made dessert wine (such as Sauternes), with
a pleasant mixture of honey character, residual sweetness, soft
fruity esters, and clean alcohol. Complexity, harmony, and
balance of sensory elements are most desirable, with no inconsistencies
in color, aroma, flavor or aftertaste. The proper balance
of sweetness, acidity, alcohol and honey character is the
essential final measure of any mead.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. Traditional Meads
feature the character of a blended honey or a blend of honeys.
Varietal meads feature the distinctive character of certain honeys.
“Show meads” feature no additives, but this distinction is
usually not obvious to judges.
Comments: See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level and strength.
Sweetness is assumed to be SWEET in this category. Entrants MAY
specify honey varieties.
Commercial Examples: Lurgashall Christmas Mead, Chaucer’s
Mead, Rabbit’s Foot Sweet Wildflower Honey Mead,
Intermiel Benoîte
to strongly sweet and usually expresses the aroma of
flower nectar. If a variety of honey is declared, the aroma
might have a subtle to very noticeable varietal character reflective
of the honey (different varieties have different intensities
and characters). Standard description applies for remainder of
characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies.
Flavor: Moderate to significant honey character, and may feature
moderate to prominent varietal character if a varietal
honey is declared (different varieties have different intensities).
Moderate to high residual sweetness with a sweet and
full (but not cloying) finish. Sulfury, harsh or yeasty fermentation
characteristics are undesirable. Standard description applies
for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies, although the body is
generally medium-full to full. Note that stronger meads will
have a fuller body. Many seem like a dessert wine. Sensations
of body should not be accompanied by cloying, raw residual
sweetness.
Overall Impression: Similar in balance, body, finish and flavor
intensity to a well-made dessert wine (such as Sauternes), with
a pleasant mixture of honey character, residual sweetness, soft
fruity esters, and clean alcohol. Complexity, harmony, and
balance of sensory elements are most desirable, with no inconsistencies
in color, aroma, flavor or aftertaste. The proper balance
of sweetness, acidity, alcohol and honey character is the
essential final measure of any mead.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. Traditional Meads
feature the character of a blended honey or a blend of honeys.
Varietal meads feature the distinctive character of certain honeys.
“Show meads” feature no additives, but this distinction is
usually not obvious to judges.
Comments: See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level and strength.
Sweetness is assumed to be SWEET in this category. Entrants MAY
specify honey varieties.
Commercial Examples: Lurgashall Christmas Mead, Chaucer’s
Mead, Rabbit’s Foot Sweet Wildflower Honey Mead,
Intermiel Benoîte
25A. Cyser
25B. Pyment
25C. Other Fruit Melomel
26. Other Mead
A Cyser is a melomel made with apples (generally cider).
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness and strength, a subtle to
distinctly identifiable honey and apple/cider character (dry
and/or hydromel versions will tend to have lower aromatics
than sweet and/or sack versions). The apple/cider character
should be clean and distinctive; it can express a range of
apple-based character ranging from a subtle fruitiness to a
single varietal apple character (if declared) to a complex blend
of apple aromatics. Some spicy or earthy notes may be present,
as may a slightly sulfury character. The honey aroma
should be noticeable, and can have a light to significant
sweetness that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If a
variety of honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to
very noticeable varietal character reflective of the honey (different
varieties have different intensities and characters). The
bouquet should show a pleasant fermentation character, with
clean and fresh aromatics being preferred. Stronger and/or
sweeter versions will have higher alcohol and sweetness in the
nose. Slight spicy phenolics from certain apple varieties are
acceptable, as is a light diacetyl character from malolactic fermentation
(both are optional). Standard description applies for
remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies, except with regard
to color. Color may range from pale straw to deep golden amber
(most are yellow to gold), depending on the variety of
honey and blend of apples or ciders used.
Flavor: The apple and honey flavor intensity may vary from
none to high; the residual sweetness may vary from none to
high; and the finish may range from dry to sweet, depending
on what sweetness level has been declared (dry to sweet) and
strength level has been declared (hydromel to sack). Natural
acidity and tannin in apples may give some tartness and astringency
to balance the sweetness, honey flavor and alcohol.
A cyser may have a subtle to strong honey character, and may
feature noticeable to prominent varietal character if a varietal
honey is declared (different varieties have different intensities).
Slight spicy phenolics from certain apple varieties are
acceptable, as are a light diacetyl character from malolactic
fermentation and a slight sulfur character (all are optional).
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies. Often wine-like.
Some natural acidity is usually present (from the blend of apples)
and helps balance the overall impression. Some apples
can provide natural astringency, but this character should not
be excessive.
Overall Impression: In well-made examples of the style, the
fruit is both distinctive and well-incorporated into the honeysweet-
acid-tannin-alcohol balance of the mead. Some of the
best strong examples have the taste and aroma of an aged Calvados
(apple brandy from northern France), while subtle, dry
versions can taste similar to many fine white wines.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. Cyser is a standard
mead made with the addition of apples or apple juice. Traditionally,
cysers are made by the addition of honey to apple
juice without additional water. A spiced cyser, or a cyser with
other ingredients, should be entered as an Open Category
Mead.
Comments: There should be an appealing blend of the fruit
and honey character but not necessarily an even balance. Generally
a good tannin-sweetness balance is desired, though very
dry and very sweet examples do exist. See standard description
for entrance requirements. Entrants MUST specify carbonation
level, strength, and sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey
varieties. Entrants MAY specify the varieties of apple used; if specified,
a varietal character will be expected. Products with a relatively
low proportion of honey are better entered as a Specialty
Cider.
Commercial Examples: White Winter Cyser, Rabbit’s Foot
Apple Cyser, Long Island Meadery Apple Cyser
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness and strength, a subtle to
distinctly identifiable honey and apple/cider character (dry
and/or hydromel versions will tend to have lower aromatics
than sweet and/or sack versions). The apple/cider character
should be clean and distinctive; it can express a range of
apple-based character ranging from a subtle fruitiness to a
single varietal apple character (if declared) to a complex blend
of apple aromatics. Some spicy or earthy notes may be present,
as may a slightly sulfury character. The honey aroma
should be noticeable, and can have a light to significant
sweetness that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If a
variety of honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to
very noticeable varietal character reflective of the honey (different
varieties have different intensities and characters). The
bouquet should show a pleasant fermentation character, with
clean and fresh aromatics being preferred. Stronger and/or
sweeter versions will have higher alcohol and sweetness in the
nose. Slight spicy phenolics from certain apple varieties are
acceptable, as is a light diacetyl character from malolactic fermentation
(both are optional). Standard description applies for
remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies, except with regard
to color. Color may range from pale straw to deep golden amber
(most are yellow to gold), depending on the variety of
honey and blend of apples or ciders used.
Flavor: The apple and honey flavor intensity may vary from
none to high; the residual sweetness may vary from none to
high; and the finish may range from dry to sweet, depending
on what sweetness level has been declared (dry to sweet) and
strength level has been declared (hydromel to sack). Natural
acidity and tannin in apples may give some tartness and astringency
to balance the sweetness, honey flavor and alcohol.
A cyser may have a subtle to strong honey character, and may
feature noticeable to prominent varietal character if a varietal
honey is declared (different varieties have different intensities).
Slight spicy phenolics from certain apple varieties are
acceptable, as are a light diacetyl character from malolactic
fermentation and a slight sulfur character (all are optional).
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies. Often wine-like.
Some natural acidity is usually present (from the blend of apples)
and helps balance the overall impression. Some apples
can provide natural astringency, but this character should not
be excessive.
Overall Impression: In well-made examples of the style, the
fruit is both distinctive and well-incorporated into the honeysweet-
acid-tannin-alcohol balance of the mead. Some of the
best strong examples have the taste and aroma of an aged Calvados
(apple brandy from northern France), while subtle, dry
versions can taste similar to many fine white wines.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. Cyser is a standard
mead made with the addition of apples or apple juice. Traditionally,
cysers are made by the addition of honey to apple
juice without additional water. A spiced cyser, or a cyser with
other ingredients, should be entered as an Open Category
Mead.
Comments: There should be an appealing blend of the fruit
and honey character but not necessarily an even balance. Generally
a good tannin-sweetness balance is desired, though very
dry and very sweet examples do exist. See standard description
for entrance requirements. Entrants MUST specify carbonation
level, strength, and sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey
varieties. Entrants MAY specify the varieties of apple used; if specified,
a varietal character will be expected. Products with a relatively
low proportion of honey are better entered as a Specialty
Cider.
Commercial Examples: White Winter Cyser, Rabbit’s Foot
Apple Cyser, Long Island Meadery Apple Cyser
A Pyment is a melomel made with grapes (generally from juice).
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness and strength, a subtle to
distinctly identifiable honey and grape/wine character (dry
and/or hydromel versions will tend to have lower aromatics
than sweet and/or sack versions). The grape/wine character
should be clean and distinctive; it can express a range of
grape-based character ranging from a subtle fruitiness to a
single varietal grape character (if declared) to a complex blend
of grape or wine aromatics. Some complex, spicy, grassy or
earthy notes may be present (as in wine). The honey aroma
should be noticeable, and can have a light to significant
sweetness that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If a
variety of honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to
very noticeable varietal character reflective of the honey (different
varieties have different intensities and characters). The
bouquet should show a pleasant fermentation character, with
clean and fresh aromatics being preferred. Stronger and/or
sweeter versions will have higher alcohol and sweetness in the
nose. Slight spicy phenolics from certain red grape varieties
are acceptable, as is a light diacetyl character from malolactic
fermentation in certain white grape varieties (both are optional).
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies, except with regard
to color. Color may range from pale straw to deep purple-red,
depending on the variety of grapes and honey used. The color
should be characteristic of the variety or type of grape used,
although white grape varieties may also take on color derived
from the honey variety.
Flavor: The grape/wine and honey flavor intensity may vary
from subtle to high; the residual sweetness may vary from
none to high; and the finish may range from dry to sweet, depending
on what sweetness level has been declared (dry to
sweet) and strength level has been declared (hydromel to
sack). Natural acidity and tannin in grapes may give some
tartness and astringency to balance the sweetness, honey flavor
and alcohol. A pyment may have a subtle to strong honey
character, and may feature noticeable to prominent varietal
character if a varietal honey is declared (different varieties
have different intensities). Depending on the grape variety,
some fruity, spicy, grassy, buttery, earthy, minerally, and/or
floral flavors may be present. Standard description applies for
remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies. Wine-like. Some
natural acidity is usually present (from grapes) and helps balance
the overall impression. Grape tannin and/or grape skins
can add body as well as some astringency, although this character
should not be excessive. Longer aging can smooth out
tannin-based astringency.
Overall Impression: In well-made examples of the style, the
grape is both distinctively vinous and well-incorporated into
the honey-sweet-acid-tannin-alcohol balance of the mead.
White and red versions can be quite different, and the overall
impression should be characteristic of the type of grapes used
and suggestive of a similar variety wine.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. A pyment is a
standard mead made with the addition of grapes or grape
juices. Alternatively, the pyment may be a homemade grapebased
wine sweetened with honey, or a mead mixed with
homemade grape-based wine after fermentation. A spiced
pyment (hippocras), or a pyment with other ingredients
should be entered as an Open Category Mead.
Comments: There should be an appealing blend of the fruit
and honey character but not necessarily an even balance. Generally
a good tannin-sweetness balance is desired, though very
dry and very sweet examples do exist. See standard description
for entrance requirements. Entrants MUST specify carbonation
level, strength, and sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey
varieties. Entrants MAY specify the varieties of grape used; if specified,
a varietal character will be expected.
Commercial Examples: Redstone Pinot Noir and White Pyment
Mountain Honey Wines
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness and strength, a subtle to
distinctly identifiable honey and grape/wine character (dry
and/or hydromel versions will tend to have lower aromatics
than sweet and/or sack versions). The grape/wine character
should be clean and distinctive; it can express a range of
grape-based character ranging from a subtle fruitiness to a
single varietal grape character (if declared) to a complex blend
of grape or wine aromatics. Some complex, spicy, grassy or
earthy notes may be present (as in wine). The honey aroma
should be noticeable, and can have a light to significant
sweetness that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If a
variety of honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to
very noticeable varietal character reflective of the honey (different
varieties have different intensities and characters). The
bouquet should show a pleasant fermentation character, with
clean and fresh aromatics being preferred. Stronger and/or
sweeter versions will have higher alcohol and sweetness in the
nose. Slight spicy phenolics from certain red grape varieties
are acceptable, as is a light diacetyl character from malolactic
fermentation in certain white grape varieties (both are optional).
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies, except with regard
to color. Color may range from pale straw to deep purple-red,
depending on the variety of grapes and honey used. The color
should be characteristic of the variety or type of grape used,
although white grape varieties may also take on color derived
from the honey variety.
Flavor: The grape/wine and honey flavor intensity may vary
from subtle to high; the residual sweetness may vary from
none to high; and the finish may range from dry to sweet, depending
on what sweetness level has been declared (dry to
sweet) and strength level has been declared (hydromel to
sack). Natural acidity and tannin in grapes may give some
tartness and astringency to balance the sweetness, honey flavor
and alcohol. A pyment may have a subtle to strong honey
character, and may feature noticeable to prominent varietal
character if a varietal honey is declared (different varieties
have different intensities). Depending on the grape variety,
some fruity, spicy, grassy, buttery, earthy, minerally, and/or
floral flavors may be present. Standard description applies for
remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies. Wine-like. Some
natural acidity is usually present (from grapes) and helps balance
the overall impression. Grape tannin and/or grape skins
can add body as well as some astringency, although this character
should not be excessive. Longer aging can smooth out
tannin-based astringency.
Overall Impression: In well-made examples of the style, the
grape is both distinctively vinous and well-incorporated into
the honey-sweet-acid-tannin-alcohol balance of the mead.
White and red versions can be quite different, and the overall
impression should be characteristic of the type of grapes used
and suggestive of a similar variety wine.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. A pyment is a
standard mead made with the addition of grapes or grape
juices. Alternatively, the pyment may be a homemade grapebased
wine sweetened with honey, or a mead mixed with
homemade grape-based wine after fermentation. A spiced
pyment (hippocras), or a pyment with other ingredients
should be entered as an Open Category Mead.
Comments: There should be an appealing blend of the fruit
and honey character but not necessarily an even balance. Generally
a good tannin-sweetness balance is desired, though very
dry and very sweet examples do exist. See standard description
for entrance requirements. Entrants MUST specify carbonation
level, strength, and sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey
varieties. Entrants MAY specify the varieties of grape used; if specified,
a varietal character will be expected.
Commercial Examples: Redstone Pinot Noir and White Pyment
Mountain Honey Wines
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness and strength, a subtle to
distinctly identifiable honey and fruit character (dry and/or
hydromel versions will tend to have lower aromatics than
sweet and/or sack versions). The fruit character should display
distinctive aromatics associated with the particular
fruit(s); however, note that some fruit (e.g., raspberries, cherries)
have stronger aromas and are more distinctive than others
(e.g., blueberries, strawberries)—allow for a range of fruit
character and intensity from subtle to aggressive. The fruit
character should be pleasant and supportive, not artificial and
inappropriately overpowering (considering the character of
the fruit). In a blended fruit melomel, not all fruit may be individually
identifiable or of equal intensity. The honey aroma
should be noticeable, and can have a light to significant
sweetness that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If a
variety of honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to
very noticeable varietal character reflective of the honey (different
varieties have different intensities and characters). The
bouquet should show a pleasant fermentation character, with
clean and fresh aromatics being preferred. Stronger and/or
sweeter versions will have higher alcohol and sweetness in the
nose. Some tartness may be present if naturally occurring in
the particular fruit(s), but should not be inappropriately intense.
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies, except with regard
to color. Color may take on a very wide range of colors, depending
on the variety of fruit and/or honey used. For lightercolored
melomels with fruits that exhibit distinctive colors, the
color should be noticeable. Note that the color of fruit in mead
is often lighter than the flesh of the fruit itself and may take on
slightly different shades. Meads made with lighter color fruits
can also take on color from varietal honeys. In meads that
produce a head, the head can take on some of the fruit color as
well.
Flavor: The fruit and honey flavor intensity may vary from
subtle to high; the residual sweetness may vary from none to
high; and the finish may range from dry to sweet, depending
on what sweetness level has been declared (dry to sweet) and
strength level has been declared (hydromel to sack). Natural
acidity and tannin in some fruit and fruit skin may give some
tartness and astringency to balance the sweetness, honey flavor
and alcohol. A melomel may have a subtle to strong honey
character, and may feature noticeable to prominent varietal
character if a varietal honey is declared (different varieties
have different intensities). The distinctive flavor character associated
with the particular fruit(s) should be noticeable, and
may range in intensity from subtle to aggressive. The balance
of fruit with the underlying mead is vital, and the fruit character
should not be artificial and/or inappropriately overpowering.
In a blended fruit melomel, not all fruit may be individually
identifiable or of equal intensity. Standard description
applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies. Most will be winelike.
Some natural acidity and/or astringency are sometimes
present (from certain fruit and/or fruit skin) and helps balance
the overall impression. Fruit tannin can add body as well as
some astringency. High levels of astringency are undesirable.
The acidity and astringency levels should be somewhat reflective
of the fruit used.
Overall Impression: In well-made examples of the style, the
fruit is both distinctive and well-incorporated into the honeysweet-
acid-tannin-alcohol balance of the mead. Different types
of fruit can result in widely different characteristics; allow for
a variation in the final product.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. A melomel is a
standard mead made with the addition of other fruit or fruit
juices. There should be an appealing blend of the fruit and
honey character but not necessarily an even balance. A melomel
can be made with a blend of fruits; however, a melomel
that is spiced or that contains other ingredients should be entered
as an Open Category Mead. Melomels made with either
apples or grapes should be entered as Cysers and Pyments,
respectively.
Comments: Generally a good tannin-sweetness balance is desired,
though very dry and very sweet examples do exist.
Some fruits, notably darker ones like Blackberries, may contribute
a tannin presence similar to a red wine. Some oxidative
properties may be appropriate in certain fruit meads, giving
them a sherry or port wine character. See standard description
for entrance requirements. Entrants MUST specify carbonation
level, strength, and sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey varieties.
Entrants MUST specify the varieties of fruit used.
Commercial Examples: White Winter Blueberry, Raspberry
and Strawberry Melomels, Redstone Black Raspberry and
Sunshine Nectars, Bees Brothers Raspberry Mead, Intermiel
Honey Wine and Raspberries, Honey Wine and Blueberries,
and Honey Wine and Blackcurrants, Long Island Meadery
Blueberry Mead, Mountain Meadows Cranberry and Cherry
Meads
distinctly identifiable honey and fruit character (dry and/or
hydromel versions will tend to have lower aromatics than
sweet and/or sack versions). The fruit character should display
distinctive aromatics associated with the particular
fruit(s); however, note that some fruit (e.g., raspberries, cherries)
have stronger aromas and are more distinctive than others
(e.g., blueberries, strawberries)—allow for a range of fruit
character and intensity from subtle to aggressive. The fruit
character should be pleasant and supportive, not artificial and
inappropriately overpowering (considering the character of
the fruit). In a blended fruit melomel, not all fruit may be individually
identifiable or of equal intensity. The honey aroma
should be noticeable, and can have a light to significant
sweetness that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If a
variety of honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to
very noticeable varietal character reflective of the honey (different
varieties have different intensities and characters). The
bouquet should show a pleasant fermentation character, with
clean and fresh aromatics being preferred. Stronger and/or
sweeter versions will have higher alcohol and sweetness in the
nose. Some tartness may be present if naturally occurring in
the particular fruit(s), but should not be inappropriately intense.
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies, except with regard
to color. Color may take on a very wide range of colors, depending
on the variety of fruit and/or honey used. For lightercolored
melomels with fruits that exhibit distinctive colors, the
color should be noticeable. Note that the color of fruit in mead
is often lighter than the flesh of the fruit itself and may take on
slightly different shades. Meads made with lighter color fruits
can also take on color from varietal honeys. In meads that
produce a head, the head can take on some of the fruit color as
well.
Flavor: The fruit and honey flavor intensity may vary from
subtle to high; the residual sweetness may vary from none to
high; and the finish may range from dry to sweet, depending
on what sweetness level has been declared (dry to sweet) and
strength level has been declared (hydromel to sack). Natural
acidity and tannin in some fruit and fruit skin may give some
tartness and astringency to balance the sweetness, honey flavor
and alcohol. A melomel may have a subtle to strong honey
character, and may feature noticeable to prominent varietal
character if a varietal honey is declared (different varieties
have different intensities). The distinctive flavor character associated
with the particular fruit(s) should be noticeable, and
may range in intensity from subtle to aggressive. The balance
of fruit with the underlying mead is vital, and the fruit character
should not be artificial and/or inappropriately overpowering.
In a blended fruit melomel, not all fruit may be individually
identifiable or of equal intensity. Standard description
applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies. Most will be winelike.
Some natural acidity and/or astringency are sometimes
present (from certain fruit and/or fruit skin) and helps balance
the overall impression. Fruit tannin can add body as well as
some astringency. High levels of astringency are undesirable.
The acidity and astringency levels should be somewhat reflective
of the fruit used.
Overall Impression: In well-made examples of the style, the
fruit is both distinctive and well-incorporated into the honeysweet-
acid-tannin-alcohol balance of the mead. Different types
of fruit can result in widely different characteristics; allow for
a variation in the final product.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. A melomel is a
standard mead made with the addition of other fruit or fruit
juices. There should be an appealing blend of the fruit and
honey character but not necessarily an even balance. A melomel
can be made with a blend of fruits; however, a melomel
that is spiced or that contains other ingredients should be entered
as an Open Category Mead. Melomels made with either
apples or grapes should be entered as Cysers and Pyments,
respectively.
Comments: Generally a good tannin-sweetness balance is desired,
though very dry and very sweet examples do exist.
Some fruits, notably darker ones like Blackberries, may contribute
a tannin presence similar to a red wine. Some oxidative
properties may be appropriate in certain fruit meads, giving
them a sherry or port wine character. See standard description
for entrance requirements. Entrants MUST specify carbonation
level, strength, and sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey varieties.
Entrants MUST specify the varieties of fruit used.
Commercial Examples: White Winter Blueberry, Raspberry
and Strawberry Melomels, Redstone Black Raspberry and
Sunshine Nectars, Bees Brothers Raspberry Mead, Intermiel
Honey Wine and Raspberries, Honey Wine and Blueberries,
and Honey Wine and Blackcurrants, Long Island Meadery
Blueberry Mead, Mountain Meadows Cranberry and Cherry
Meads
26A. Metheglin
26B. Braggot
26C. Open Category Mead
27. Standard Cider and Perry
A Metheglin is a spiced mead.
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness and strength, a subtle to
distinctly identifiable honey and herb/spice character (dry
and/or hydromel versions will tend to have lower aromatics
than sweet and/or sack versions). The herb/spice character
should display distinctive aromatics associated with the particular
herbs/spices; however, note that some herbs/spices
(e.g., ginger, cinnamon) have stronger aromas and are more
distinctive than others (e.g., chamomile, lavender)—allow for
a range of herb/spice character and intensity from subtle to
aggressive. The herb/spice character should be pleasant and
supportive, not artificial and inappropriately overpowering
(considering the character of the herb/spice). In a blended
herb/spice metheglin, not all herbs/spices may be individually
identifiable or of equal intensity. The honey aroma should
be noticeable, and can have a light to significant sweetness
that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If a variety of
honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to very noticeable
varietal character reflective of the honey (different
varieties have different intensities and characters). The bouquet
should show a pleasant fermentation character, with
clean and fresh aromatics being preferred. Stronger and/or
sweeter versions will have higher alcohol and sweetness in the
nose. Some herbs and spices may produce spicy or peppery
phenolics. Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies, except perhaps to
note that the color usually won’t be affected by spices and
herbs (although flowers, petals and peppers may provide subtle
colors; tea blends may provide significant colors).
Flavor: The herb/spice flavor intensity may vary from subtle
to high; the honey flavor intensity may vary from subtle to
high; the residual sweetness may vary from none to high; and
the finish may range from dry to sweet, depending on what
sweetness level has been declared (dry to sweet) and strength
level has been declared (hydromel to sack). The distinctive
flavor character associated with the particular herbs/spices
may range in intensity from subtle to aggressive (although
some herbs/spices may not be individually recognizable, and
can just serve to add a background complexity). Certain herbs
and spices might add bitter, astringent, phenolic or spicy (hot)
flavors; if present, these qualities should be related to the declared
ingredients (otherwise, they are faults), and they should
balance and blend with the honey, sweetness and alcohol. Metheglins
containing more than one herb/spice should have a
good balance among the different herbs/spices, though some
herbs/spices will tend to dominate the flavor profile. A metheglin
may have a subtle to strong honey character, and may
feature noticeable to prominent varietal character if a varietal
honey is declared (different varieties have different intensities).
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies. Some herbs or
spices may contain tannins that add a bit of body and some
astringency, but this character should not be excessive.
Overall Impression: In well-made examples of the style, the
herbs/spices are both distinctive and well-incorporated into
the honey-sweet-acid-tannin-alcohol balance of the mead. Different
types of herbs/spices can result in widely different
characteristics; allow for a variation in the final product.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. A metheglin is a
standard mead made with the addition of spices or herbs.
Meads made with flowers (such as rose petal mead, or rhodomel),
chocolate, coffee, nuts or chile peppers (capsimel/
capsicumel) may also be entered in this category, as can meads
made with a blend of spices. If spices are used in conjunction
with other ingredients such as fruit, cider, or other fermentables,
then the mead should be entered as an Open Category
Mead.
Comments: Often, a blend of spices may give a character
greater than the sum of its parts. The better examples of this
style use spices/herbs subtly and when more than one are
used, they are carefully selected so that they blend harmoniously.
See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level, strength, and sweetness.
Entrants MAY specify honey varieties. Entrants MUST specify the
types of spices used.
Commercial Examples: Bonair Chili Mead, Redstone Juniper
Mountain Honey Wine, Redstone Vanilla Beans and Cinnamon
Sticks Mountain Honey Wine, Long Island Meadery Vanilla
Mead, iQhilika Africa Birds Eye Chilli Mead, Mountain
Meadows Spice Nectar
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness and strength, a subtle to
distinctly identifiable honey and herb/spice character (dry
and/or hydromel versions will tend to have lower aromatics
than sweet and/or sack versions). The herb/spice character
should display distinctive aromatics associated with the particular
herbs/spices; however, note that some herbs/spices
(e.g., ginger, cinnamon) have stronger aromas and are more
distinctive than others (e.g., chamomile, lavender)—allow for
a range of herb/spice character and intensity from subtle to
aggressive. The herb/spice character should be pleasant and
supportive, not artificial and inappropriately overpowering
(considering the character of the herb/spice). In a blended
herb/spice metheglin, not all herbs/spices may be individually
identifiable or of equal intensity. The honey aroma should
be noticeable, and can have a light to significant sweetness
that may express the aroma of flower nectar. If a variety of
honey is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to very noticeable
varietal character reflective of the honey (different
varieties have different intensities and characters). The bouquet
should show a pleasant fermentation character, with
clean and fresh aromatics being preferred. Stronger and/or
sweeter versions will have higher alcohol and sweetness in the
nose. Some herbs and spices may produce spicy or peppery
phenolics. Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description applies, except perhaps to
note that the color usually won’t be affected by spices and
herbs (although flowers, petals and peppers may provide subtle
colors; tea blends may provide significant colors).
Flavor: The herb/spice flavor intensity may vary from subtle
to high; the honey flavor intensity may vary from subtle to
high; the residual sweetness may vary from none to high; and
the finish may range from dry to sweet, depending on what
sweetness level has been declared (dry to sweet) and strength
level has been declared (hydromel to sack). The distinctive
flavor character associated with the particular herbs/spices
may range in intensity from subtle to aggressive (although
some herbs/spices may not be individually recognizable, and
can just serve to add a background complexity). Certain herbs
and spices might add bitter, astringent, phenolic or spicy (hot)
flavors; if present, these qualities should be related to the declared
ingredients (otherwise, they are faults), and they should
balance and blend with the honey, sweetness and alcohol. Metheglins
containing more than one herb/spice should have a
good balance among the different herbs/spices, though some
herbs/spices will tend to dominate the flavor profile. A metheglin
may have a subtle to strong honey character, and may
feature noticeable to prominent varietal character if a varietal
honey is declared (different varieties have different intensities).
Standard description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description applies. Some herbs or
spices may contain tannins that add a bit of body and some
astringency, but this character should not be excessive.
Overall Impression: In well-made examples of the style, the
herbs/spices are both distinctive and well-incorporated into
the honey-sweet-acid-tannin-alcohol balance of the mead. Different
types of herbs/spices can result in widely different
characteristics; allow for a variation in the final product.
Ingredients: Standard description applies. A metheglin is a
standard mead made with the addition of spices or herbs.
Meads made with flowers (such as rose petal mead, or rhodomel),
chocolate, coffee, nuts or chile peppers (capsimel/
capsicumel) may also be entered in this category, as can meads
made with a blend of spices. If spices are used in conjunction
with other ingredients such as fruit, cider, or other fermentables,
then the mead should be entered as an Open Category
Mead.
Comments: Often, a blend of spices may give a character
greater than the sum of its parts. The better examples of this
style use spices/herbs subtly and when more than one are
used, they are carefully selected so that they blend harmoniously.
See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level, strength, and sweetness.
Entrants MAY specify honey varieties. Entrants MUST specify the
types of spices used.
Commercial Examples: Bonair Chili Mead, Redstone Juniper
Mountain Honey Wine, Redstone Vanilla Beans and Cinnamon
Sticks Mountain Honey Wine, Long Island Meadery Vanilla
Mead, iQhilika Africa Birds Eye Chilli Mead, Mountain
Meadows Spice Nectar
A Braggot is a mead made with malt.
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness, strength and base style
of beer, a subtle to distinctly identifiable honey and beer character
(dry and/or hydromel versions will tend to have lower
aromatics than sweet and/or sack versions). The honey and
beer/malt character should be complementary and balanced,
although not always evenly balanced. If a variety of honey is
declared, the aroma might have a subtle to very noticeable
varietal character reflective of the honey (different varieties
have different intensities and characters). If a base style of beer
or type of malt is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to
very noticeable character reflective of the beer style (different
styles and malts have different intensities and characters). A
hop aroma (any variety or intensity) is optional; if present, it
should blend harmoniously with the other elements. Standard
description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description does not apply due to beerlike
characteristics. Clarity may be good to brilliant, although
many braggots are not as clear as other meads. A light to moderate
head with some retention is expected. Color may range
from light straw to dark brown or black, depending on the
variety of malt and honey used. The color should be characteristic
of the declared beer style and/or honey used, if a variety
is declared. Stronger versions may show signs of body (e.g.,
legs).
Flavor: Displays a balanced character identifiable as both a
beer and a mead, although the relative intensity of flavors is
greatly affected by the sweetness, strength, base style of beer,
and variety of honey used. If a beer style is declared, the braggot
should have some character traceable to the style although
the flavors will be different due to the presence of honey. If a
variety of honey is declared, the braggot should feature a subtle
to prominent varietal character (different varieties have
different intensities). Stronger and/or sweeter braggots should
be expected to have a greater intensity of flavor than drier,
lower gravity versions. The finish and aftertaste will vary
based on the declared level of sweetness (dry to sweet), and
may include both beer and mead components. A wide range
of malt characteristics is allowable, from plain base malts to
rich caramel and toast flavors to dark chocolate and roast flavors.
Hop bitterness and flavor may be present, and may reflect
any variety or intensity; however, this optional character
should always be both suggestive of the base beer style and
well blended with the other flavors. Standard description applies
for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description does not apply due to beerlike
characteristics. Smooth mouthfeel without astringency.
Body may vary from moderately light to full, depending on
sweetness, strength, and the base style of beer. Note that
stronger meads will have a fuller body. A very thin or watery
body is undesirable, as is a cloying, raw sweetness. A warming
sense of well-aged alcohol may be present in stronger examples.
Carbonation will vary as described in the standard description.
A still braggot will usually have some level of carbonation
(like a cask bitter) since a completely flat beer is unappetizing.
However, just as an aged barleywine may be still,
some braggots can be totally still.
Overall Impression: A harmonious blend of mead and beer,
with the distinctive characteristics of both. A wide range of
results are possible, depending on the base style of beer, variety
of honey and overall sweetness and strength. Beer flavors
tend to somewhat mask typical honey flavors found in other
meads.
Ingredients: A braggot is a standard mead made with both
honey and malt providing flavor and fermentable extract.
Originally, and alternatively, a mixture of mead and ale. A
braggot can be made with any type of honey, and any type of
base beer style. The malt component may be derived from
grain or malt extracts. The beer may be hopped or not. If any
other ingredients than honey and beer are contained in the
braggot, it should be entered as an Open Category Mead.
Smoked braggots may be entered in this category if using
smoked malt or a smoked beer as the base style; braggots
made using other smoked ingredients (e.g., liquid smoke, chipotles)
should be entered in the Open Category Mead style.
Comments: Sometimes known as “bracket” or “brackett.” The
fermentable sugars come from a balance of malt or malt extract
and honey, although the specific balance is open to creative
interpretation by brewers. See standard description for
entrance requirements. Entrants MUST specify carbonation level,
strength, and sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey varieties.
Entrants MAY specify the base style or beer or types of malt used.
Products with a relatively low proportion of honey should be
entered in the Specialty Beer category as a Honey Beer.
Commercial Examples: Rabbit’s Foot Diabhal and Bière de
Miele, Magic Hat Braggot, Brother Adams Braggot Barleywine
Ale, White Winter Traditional Brackett
Aroma: Depending on the sweetness, strength and base style
of beer, a subtle to distinctly identifiable honey and beer character
(dry and/or hydromel versions will tend to have lower
aromatics than sweet and/or sack versions). The honey and
beer/malt character should be complementary and balanced,
although not always evenly balanced. If a variety of honey is
declared, the aroma might have a subtle to very noticeable
varietal character reflective of the honey (different varieties
have different intensities and characters). If a base style of beer
or type of malt is declared, the aroma might have a subtle to
very noticeable character reflective of the beer style (different
styles and malts have different intensities and characters). A
hop aroma (any variety or intensity) is optional; if present, it
should blend harmoniously with the other elements. Standard
description applies for remainder of characteristics.
Appearance: Standard description does not apply due to beerlike
characteristics. Clarity may be good to brilliant, although
many braggots are not as clear as other meads. A light to moderate
head with some retention is expected. Color may range
from light straw to dark brown or black, depending on the
variety of malt and honey used. The color should be characteristic
of the declared beer style and/or honey used, if a variety
is declared. Stronger versions may show signs of body (e.g.,
legs).
Flavor: Displays a balanced character identifiable as both a
beer and a mead, although the relative intensity of flavors is
greatly affected by the sweetness, strength, base style of beer,
and variety of honey used. If a beer style is declared, the braggot
should have some character traceable to the style although
the flavors will be different due to the presence of honey. If a
variety of honey is declared, the braggot should feature a subtle
to prominent varietal character (different varieties have
different intensities). Stronger and/or sweeter braggots should
be expected to have a greater intensity of flavor than drier,
lower gravity versions. The finish and aftertaste will vary
based on the declared level of sweetness (dry to sweet), and
may include both beer and mead components. A wide range
of malt characteristics is allowable, from plain base malts to
rich caramel and toast flavors to dark chocolate and roast flavors.
Hop bitterness and flavor may be present, and may reflect
any variety or intensity; however, this optional character
should always be both suggestive of the base beer style and
well blended with the other flavors. Standard description applies
for remainder of characteristics.
Mouthfeel: Standard description does not apply due to beerlike
characteristics. Smooth mouthfeel without astringency.
Body may vary from moderately light to full, depending on
sweetness, strength, and the base style of beer. Note that
stronger meads will have a fuller body. A very thin or watery
body is undesirable, as is a cloying, raw sweetness. A warming
sense of well-aged alcohol may be present in stronger examples.
Carbonation will vary as described in the standard description.
A still braggot will usually have some level of carbonation
(like a cask bitter) since a completely flat beer is unappetizing.
However, just as an aged barleywine may be still,
some braggots can be totally still.
Overall Impression: A harmonious blend of mead and beer,
with the distinctive characteristics of both. A wide range of
results are possible, depending on the base style of beer, variety
of honey and overall sweetness and strength. Beer flavors
tend to somewhat mask typical honey flavors found in other
meads.
Ingredients: A braggot is a standard mead made with both
honey and malt providing flavor and fermentable extract.
Originally, and alternatively, a mixture of mead and ale. A
braggot can be made with any type of honey, and any type of
base beer style. The malt component may be derived from
grain or malt extracts. The beer may be hopped or not. If any
other ingredients than honey and beer are contained in the
braggot, it should be entered as an Open Category Mead.
Smoked braggots may be entered in this category if using
smoked malt or a smoked beer as the base style; braggots
made using other smoked ingredients (e.g., liquid smoke, chipotles)
should be entered in the Open Category Mead style.
Comments: Sometimes known as “bracket” or “brackett.” The
fermentable sugars come from a balance of malt or malt extract
and honey, although the specific balance is open to creative
interpretation by brewers. See standard description for
entrance requirements. Entrants MUST specify carbonation level,
strength, and sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey varieties.
Entrants MAY specify the base style or beer or types of malt used.
Products with a relatively low proportion of honey should be
entered in the Specialty Beer category as a Honey Beer.
Commercial Examples: Rabbit’s Foot Diabhal and Bière de
Miele, Magic Hat Braggot, Brother Adams Braggot Barleywine
Ale, White Winter Traditional Brackett
An Open Category Mead is a honey-based beverage that either combines
ingredients from two or more of the other mead sub-categories,
is a historical or indigenous mead (e.g., tej, Polish meads), or is a
mead that does not fit into any other category. Any specialty or experimental
mead using additional sources of fermentables (e.g., maple
syrup, molasses, brown sugar, or agave nectar), additional ingredients
(e.g., vegetables, liquors, smoke, etc.), alternative processes
(e.g., icing, oak-aging) or other unusual ingredient, process, or technique
would also be appropriate in this category. No mead can be
“out of style” for this category unless it fits into another existing
mead category.
Aroma, appearance, flavor, mouthfeel generally follow the
standard descriptions, yet note that all the characteristics may
vary. Since a wide range of entries are possible, note that the
characteristics may reflect combinations of the respective elements
of the various sub-categories used in this style. Refer to
Category 25 for a detailed description of the character of dry,
semisweet and sweet mead. If the entered mead is a combination
of other existing mead categories, refer to the constituent
categories for a detailed description of the character of the
component styles.
Overall Impression: This mead should exhibit the character of
all of the ingredients in varying degrees, and should show a
good blending or balance between the various flavor elements.
Whatever ingredients are included, the result should be identifiable
as a honey-based fermented beverage.
Comments: See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level, strength, and
sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey varieties. Entrants MUST
specify the special nature of the mead, whether it is a combination of
existing styles, an experimental mead, a historical mead, or some
other creation. Any special ingredients that impart an identifiable
character MAY be declared.
Commercial Examples: Jadwiga, Hanssens/Lurgashall Mead
the Gueuze, Rabbit’s Foot Private Reserve Pear Mead, White
Winter Cherry Bracket, Saba Tej, Mountain Meadows Trickster’s
Treat Agave Mead, Intermiel Rosée
ingredients from two or more of the other mead sub-categories,
is a historical or indigenous mead (e.g., tej, Polish meads), or is a
mead that does not fit into any other category. Any specialty or experimental
mead using additional sources of fermentables (e.g., maple
syrup, molasses, brown sugar, or agave nectar), additional ingredients
(e.g., vegetables, liquors, smoke, etc.), alternative processes
(e.g., icing, oak-aging) or other unusual ingredient, process, or technique
would also be appropriate in this category. No mead can be
“out of style” for this category unless it fits into another existing
mead category.
Aroma, appearance, flavor, mouthfeel generally follow the
standard descriptions, yet note that all the characteristics may
vary. Since a wide range of entries are possible, note that the
characteristics may reflect combinations of the respective elements
of the various sub-categories used in this style. Refer to
Category 25 for a detailed description of the character of dry,
semisweet and sweet mead. If the entered mead is a combination
of other existing mead categories, refer to the constituent
categories for a detailed description of the character of the
component styles.
Overall Impression: This mead should exhibit the character of
all of the ingredients in varying degrees, and should show a
good blending or balance between the various flavor elements.
Whatever ingredients are included, the result should be identifiable
as a honey-based fermented beverage.
Comments: See standard description for entrance requirements.
Entrants MUST specify carbonation level, strength, and
sweetness. Entrants MAY specify honey varieties. Entrants MUST
specify the special nature of the mead, whether it is a combination of
existing styles, an experimental mead, a historical mead, or some
other creation. Any special ingredients that impart an identifiable
character MAY be declared.
Commercial Examples: Jadwiga, Hanssens/Lurgashall Mead
the Gueuze, Rabbit’s Foot Private Reserve Pear Mead, White
Winter Cherry Bracket, Saba Tej, Mountain Meadows Trickster’s
Treat Agave Mead, Intermiel Rosée
27A. Common Cider
27B. English Cider
27C. French Cider
27D. Common Perry
27E. Traditional Perry
28. Speciality Cider and Perry
A common cider is made from culinary/table apples, with wild or
crab apples often used for acidity/tannin balance.
Aroma/Flavor: Sweet or low-alcohol ciders may have apple
aroma and flavor. Dry ciders will be more wine-like with some
esters. Sugar and acidity should combine to give a refreshing
character, neither cloying nor too austere. Medium to high
acidity.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant, pale to medium gold in color.
Mouthfeel: Medium body. Some tannin should be present for
slight to moderate astringency, but little bitterness.
Overall Impression: Variable, but should be a medium, refreshing
drink. Sweet ciders must not be cloying. Dry ciders
must not be too austere. An ideal cider serves well as a “session”
drink, and suitably accompanies a wide variety of food.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness
(dry, medium, sweet).
Varieties: Common (Winesap, Macintosh, Golden Delicious,
Braeburn, Jonathan), multi-use (Northern Spy, Russets, Baldwin),
crabapples, any suitable wildings.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.045 – 1.065
FG:
1.000 – 1.020
ABV:
5 – 8%
Commercial Examples: [US] Red Barn Cider Jonagold Semi-
Dry and Sweetie Pie (WA), AEppelTreow Barn Swallow Draft
Cider (WI), Wandering Aengus Heirloom Blend Cider (OR),
Uncle John’s Fruit House Winery Apple Hard Cider (MI),
Bellwether Spyglass (NY), West County Pippin (MA), White
Winter Hard Apple Cider (WI), Harpoon Cider (MA)
crab apples often used for acidity/tannin balance.
Aroma/Flavor: Sweet or low-alcohol ciders may have apple
aroma and flavor. Dry ciders will be more wine-like with some
esters. Sugar and acidity should combine to give a refreshing
character, neither cloying nor too austere. Medium to high
acidity.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant, pale to medium gold in color.
Mouthfeel: Medium body. Some tannin should be present for
slight to moderate astringency, but little bitterness.
Overall Impression: Variable, but should be a medium, refreshing
drink. Sweet ciders must not be cloying. Dry ciders
must not be too austere. An ideal cider serves well as a “session”
drink, and suitably accompanies a wide variety of food.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness
(dry, medium, sweet).
Varieties: Common (Winesap, Macintosh, Golden Delicious,
Braeburn, Jonathan), multi-use (Northern Spy, Russets, Baldwin),
crabapples, any suitable wildings.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.045 – 1.065
FG:
1.000 – 1.020
ABV:
5 – 8%
Commercial Examples: [US] Red Barn Cider Jonagold Semi-
Dry and Sweetie Pie (WA), AEppelTreow Barn Swallow Draft
Cider (WI), Wandering Aengus Heirloom Blend Cider (OR),
Uncle John’s Fruit House Winery Apple Hard Cider (MI),
Bellwether Spyglass (NY), West County Pippin (MA), White
Winter Hard Apple Cider (WI), Harpoon Cider (MA)
This includes the English “West Country” plus ciders inspired by
that style. These ciders are made with bittersweet and bitter-sharp
apple varieties cultivated specifically for cider making.
Aroma/Flavor: No overt apple character, but various flavors
and esters that suggest apples. May have “smoky (bacon)”
character from a combination of apple varieties and MLF.
Some “Farmyard nose” may be present but must not dominate;
mousiness is a serious fault. The common slight farmyard
nose of an English West Country cider is the result of
lactic acid bacteria, not a Brettanomyces contamination.
Appearance: Slightly cloudy to brilliant. Medium to deep gold
color.
Mouthfeel: Full. Moderate to high tannin apparent as astringency
and some bitterness. Carbonation still to moderate,
never high or gushing.
Overall Impression: Generally dry, full-bodied, austere.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still or
petillant). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (dry to medium).
Entrants MAY specify variety of apple for a single varietal
cider; if specified, varietal character will be expected.
Varieties: Kingston Black, Stoke Red, Dabinett, Foxwhelp,
Yarlington Mill, various Jerseys, etc.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.075
FG:
0.995 – 1.010
ABV:
6 – 9%
Commercial Examples: [US] Westcott Bay Traditional Very
Dry, Traditional Dry and Traditional Medium Sweet (WA),
Farnum Hill Extra-Dry, Dry, and Farmhouse (NH), Wandering
Aengus Dry Cider (OR), Red Barn Cider Burro Loco (WA),
Bellwether Heritage (NY); [UK] Oliver’s Herefordshire Dry
Cider, various from Hecks, Dunkerton, Burrow Hill, Gwatkin
Yarlington Mill, Aspall Dry Cider
that style. These ciders are made with bittersweet and bitter-sharp
apple varieties cultivated specifically for cider making.
Aroma/Flavor: No overt apple character, but various flavors
and esters that suggest apples. May have “smoky (bacon)”
character from a combination of apple varieties and MLF.
Some “Farmyard nose” may be present but must not dominate;
mousiness is a serious fault. The common slight farmyard
nose of an English West Country cider is the result of
lactic acid bacteria, not a Brettanomyces contamination.
Appearance: Slightly cloudy to brilliant. Medium to deep gold
color.
Mouthfeel: Full. Moderate to high tannin apparent as astringency
and some bitterness. Carbonation still to moderate,
never high or gushing.
Overall Impression: Generally dry, full-bodied, austere.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still or
petillant). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (dry to medium).
Entrants MAY specify variety of apple for a single varietal
cider; if specified, varietal character will be expected.
Varieties: Kingston Black, Stoke Red, Dabinett, Foxwhelp,
Yarlington Mill, various Jerseys, etc.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.075
FG:
0.995 – 1.010
ABV:
6 – 9%
Commercial Examples: [US] Westcott Bay Traditional Very
Dry, Traditional Dry and Traditional Medium Sweet (WA),
Farnum Hill Extra-Dry, Dry, and Farmhouse (NH), Wandering
Aengus Dry Cider (OR), Red Barn Cider Burro Loco (WA),
Bellwether Heritage (NY); [UK] Oliver’s Herefordshire Dry
Cider, various from Hecks, Dunkerton, Burrow Hill, Gwatkin
Yarlington Mill, Aspall Dry Cider
This includes Normandy styles plus ciders inspired by those styles,
including ciders made by various techniques to achieve the French
flavor profile. These ciders are made with bittersweet and bittersharp
apple varieties cultivated specifically for cider making.
Traditional French procedures use small amounts of salt and calcium
compounds (calcium chloride, calcium carbonate) to aid the process
of pectin coagulation. These compounds may be used, prefermentation,
but in limited quantity. It is a fault if judges can detect
a salty or chalky taste.
Aroma/Flavor: Fruity character/aroma. This may come from
slow or arrested fermentation (in the French technique of défécation)
or approximated by back sweetening with juice. Tends
to a rich fullness.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant, medium to deep gold color.
Mouthfeel: Medium to full, mouth filling. Moderate tannin
apparent mainly as astringency. Carbonation moderate to
champagne-like, but at higher levels it must not gush or foam.
Overall Impression: Medium to sweet, full-bodied, rich.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (petillant
or full). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (medium,
sweet). Entrants MAY specify variety of apple for a single varietal
cider; if specified, varietal character will be expected.
Varieties: Nehou, Muscadet de Dieppe, Reine des Pommes,
Michelin, etc.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.065
FG:
1.010 – 1.020
ABV:
3 – 6%
Commercial Examples: [US] West County Reine de Pomme
(MA), Rhyne Cider (CA); [France] Eric Bordelet (various), Etienne
Dupont, Etienne Dupont Organic, Bellot
including ciders made by various techniques to achieve the French
flavor profile. These ciders are made with bittersweet and bittersharp
apple varieties cultivated specifically for cider making.
Traditional French procedures use small amounts of salt and calcium
compounds (calcium chloride, calcium carbonate) to aid the process
of pectin coagulation. These compounds may be used, prefermentation,
but in limited quantity. It is a fault if judges can detect
a salty or chalky taste.
Aroma/Flavor: Fruity character/aroma. This may come from
slow or arrested fermentation (in the French technique of défécation)
or approximated by back sweetening with juice. Tends
to a rich fullness.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant, medium to deep gold color.
Mouthfeel: Medium to full, mouth filling. Moderate tannin
apparent mainly as astringency. Carbonation moderate to
champagne-like, but at higher levels it must not gush or foam.
Overall Impression: Medium to sweet, full-bodied, rich.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (petillant
or full). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (medium,
sweet). Entrants MAY specify variety of apple for a single varietal
cider; if specified, varietal character will be expected.
Varieties: Nehou, Muscadet de Dieppe, Reine des Pommes,
Michelin, etc.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.065
FG:
1.010 – 1.020
ABV:
3 – 6%
Commercial Examples: [US] West County Reine de Pomme
(MA), Rhyne Cider (CA); [France] Eric Bordelet (various), Etienne
Dupont, Etienne Dupont Organic, Bellot
Common perry is made from culinary/table fruit.
Aroma/Flavor: There is a pear character, but not obviously
fruity. It tends toward that of a young white wine. No bitterness.
Appearance: Slightly cloudy to clear. Generally quite pale.
Mouthfeel: Relatively full, low to moderate tannin apparent
as astringency.
Overall Impression: Mild. Medium to medium-sweet. Still to
lightly sparkling. Only very slight acetification is acceptable.
Mousiness, ropy/oily characters are serious faults.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness
(medium or sweet).
Varieties: Bartlett, Kiefer, Comice, etc.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.060
FG:
1.000 – 1.020
ABV:
5 – 7%
Commercial Examples: [US] White Winter Hard Pear Cider
(WI), AEppelTreow Perry (WI), Blossomwood Laughing Pig
Perry (CO), Uncle John’s Fruit House Winery Perry (MI)
Aroma/Flavor: There is a pear character, but not obviously
fruity. It tends toward that of a young white wine. No bitterness.
Appearance: Slightly cloudy to clear. Generally quite pale.
Mouthfeel: Relatively full, low to moderate tannin apparent
as astringency.
Overall Impression: Mild. Medium to medium-sweet. Still to
lightly sparkling. Only very slight acetification is acceptable.
Mousiness, ropy/oily characters are serious faults.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness
(medium or sweet).
Varieties: Bartlett, Kiefer, Comice, etc.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.060
FG:
1.000 – 1.020
ABV:
5 – 7%
Commercial Examples: [US] White Winter Hard Pear Cider
(WI), AEppelTreow Perry (WI), Blossomwood Laughing Pig
Perry (CO), Uncle John’s Fruit House Winery Perry (MI)
Traditional perry is made from pears grown specifically for that purpose
rather than for eating or cooking. Many “perry pears” are
nearly inedible.
Aroma/Flavor: There is a pear character, but not obviously
fruity. It tends toward that of a young white wine. Some slight
bitterness.
Appearance: Slightly cloudy to clear. Generally quite pale.
Mouthfeel: Relatively full, moderate to high tannin apparent
as astringency.
Overall Impression: Tannic. Medium to medium-sweet. Still
to lightly sparkling. Only very slight acetification is acceptable.
Mousiness, ropy/oily characters are serious faults.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness
(medium or sweet). Variety of pear(s) used must be stated.
Varieties: Butt, Gin, Huffcap, Blakeney Red, etc.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.070
FG:
1.000 – 1.020
ABV:
5 – 9%
Commercial Examples: [France] Bordelet Poire Authentique
and Poire Granit, Christian Drouin Poire, [UK] Gwatkin Blakeney
Red Perry, Oliver’s Blakeney Red Perry and Herefordshire
Dry Perry
rather than for eating or cooking. Many “perry pears” are
nearly inedible.
Aroma/Flavor: There is a pear character, but not obviously
fruity. It tends toward that of a young white wine. Some slight
bitterness.
Appearance: Slightly cloudy to clear. Generally quite pale.
Mouthfeel: Relatively full, moderate to high tannin apparent
as astringency.
Overall Impression: Tannic. Medium to medium-sweet. Still
to lightly sparkling. Only very slight acetification is acceptable.
Mousiness, ropy/oily characters are serious faults.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness
(medium or sweet). Variety of pear(s) used must be stated.
Varieties: Butt, Gin, Huffcap, Blakeney Red, etc.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.050 – 1.070
FG:
1.000 – 1.020
ABV:
5 – 9%
Commercial Examples: [France] Bordelet Poire Authentique
and Poire Granit, Christian Drouin Poire, [UK] Gwatkin Blakeney
Red Perry, Oliver’s Blakeney Red Perry and Herefordshire
Dry Perry
28A. New England Cider
28B. Fruit Cider
28C. Applewine
28D. Other Specialty Cider/Perry
This is a cider made with characteristic New England apples for
relatively high acidity, with adjuncts to raise alcohol levels.
Aroma/Flavor: A dry flavorful cider with robust apple character,
strong alcohol, and derivative flavors from sugar adjuncts.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant, pale to medium yellow.
Mouthfeel: Substantial, alcoholic. Moderate tannin.
Overall impression: Substantial body and character .
Comments: Adjuncts may include white and brown sugars,
molasses, small amounts of honey, and raisins. Adjuncts are
intended to raise OG well above that which would be
achieved by apples alone. This style is sometimes barrel-aged,
in which case there will be oak character as with a barrel-aged
wine. If the barrel was formerly used to age spirits, some flavor
notes from the spirit (e.g., whisky or rum) may also be
present, but must be subtle. Entrants MUST specify if the cider
was barrel-fermented or aged. Entrants MUST specify
carbonation level (still, petillant, or sparkling). Entrants
MUST specify sweetness (dry, medium, or sweet).
Varieties: Northern Spy, Roxbury Russet, Golden Russet
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.060 – 1.100
FG:
0.995 – 1.010
ABV:
7 – 13%
Commercial Examples: There are no known commercial examples
of New England Cider.
relatively high acidity, with adjuncts to raise alcohol levels.
Aroma/Flavor: A dry flavorful cider with robust apple character,
strong alcohol, and derivative flavors from sugar adjuncts.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant, pale to medium yellow.
Mouthfeel: Substantial, alcoholic. Moderate tannin.
Overall impression: Substantial body and character .
Comments: Adjuncts may include white and brown sugars,
molasses, small amounts of honey, and raisins. Adjuncts are
intended to raise OG well above that which would be
achieved by apples alone. This style is sometimes barrel-aged,
in which case there will be oak character as with a barrel-aged
wine. If the barrel was formerly used to age spirits, some flavor
notes from the spirit (e.g., whisky or rum) may also be
present, but must be subtle. Entrants MUST specify if the cider
was barrel-fermented or aged. Entrants MUST specify
carbonation level (still, petillant, or sparkling). Entrants
MUST specify sweetness (dry, medium, or sweet).
Varieties: Northern Spy, Roxbury Russet, Golden Russet
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.060 – 1.100
FG:
0.995 – 1.010
ABV:
7 – 13%
Commercial Examples: There are no known commercial examples
of New England Cider.
This is a cider with other fruits or fruit-juices added - for example,
berry. Note that a “cider” made from a combination of apple and
pear juice would be entered in this category since it is neither cider
nor perry.
Aroma/Flavor: The cider character must be present and must
fit with the other fruits. It is a fault if the adjuncts completely
dominate; a judge might ask, “Would this be different if neutral
spirits replaced the cider?” A fruit cider should not be like
an alco-pop. Oxidation is a fault.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant. Color appropriate to added
fruit, but should not show oxidation characteristics. (For example,
berries should give red-to-purple color, not orange.)
Mouthfeel: Substantial. May be significantly tannic depending
on fruit added.
Overall Impression: Like a dry wine with complex flavors.
The apple character must marry with the added fruit so that
neither dominates the other.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (dry
or medium). Entrants MUST specify what fruit(s) and/or fruit
juice(s) were added.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.045 – 1.070
FG:
0.995 – 1.010
ABV:
5 – 9%
Commercial Examples: [US] West County Blueberry-Apple
Wine (MA), AEppelTreow Red Poll Cran-Apple Draft Cider
(WI), Bellwether Cherry Street (NY), Uncle John’s Fruit Farm
Winery Apple Cherry Hard Cider (MI)
berry. Note that a “cider” made from a combination of apple and
pear juice would be entered in this category since it is neither cider
nor perry.
Aroma/Flavor: The cider character must be present and must
fit with the other fruits. It is a fault if the adjuncts completely
dominate; a judge might ask, “Would this be different if neutral
spirits replaced the cider?” A fruit cider should not be like
an alco-pop. Oxidation is a fault.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant. Color appropriate to added
fruit, but should not show oxidation characteristics. (For example,
berries should give red-to-purple color, not orange.)
Mouthfeel: Substantial. May be significantly tannic depending
on fruit added.
Overall Impression: Like a dry wine with complex flavors.
The apple character must marry with the added fruit so that
neither dominates the other.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (dry
or medium). Entrants MUST specify what fruit(s) and/or fruit
juice(s) were added.
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.045 – 1.070
FG:
0.995 – 1.010
ABV:
5 – 9%
Commercial Examples: [US] West County Blueberry-Apple
Wine (MA), AEppelTreow Red Poll Cran-Apple Draft Cider
(WI), Bellwether Cherry Street (NY), Uncle John’s Fruit Farm
Winery Apple Cherry Hard Cider (MI)
The term for this category is traditional but possibly misleading: it is
simply a cider with substantial added sugar to achieve higher alcohol
than a common cider.
Aroma/Flavor: Comparable to a Common Cider. Cider character
must be distinctive. Very dry to slightly medium.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant, pale to medium-gold. Cloudiness
or hazes are inappropriate. Dark colors are not expected
unless strongly tannic varieties of fruit were used.
Mouthfeel: Lighter than other ciders, because higher alcohol
is derived from addition of sugar rather than juice. Carbonation
may range from still to champagne-like.
Overall Impression: Like a dry white wine, balanced, and
with low astringency and bitterness.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (dry
or medium).
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.070 – 1.100
FG:
0.995 – 1.010
ABV:
9 – 12%
Commercial Examples: [US] AEppelTreow Summer’s End
(WI), Wandering Aengus Pommeau (OR), Uncle John’s Fruit
House Winery Fruit House Apple (MI), Irvine's Vintage Ciders
(WA)
simply a cider with substantial added sugar to achieve higher alcohol
than a common cider.
Aroma/Flavor: Comparable to a Common Cider. Cider character
must be distinctive. Very dry to slightly medium.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant, pale to medium-gold. Cloudiness
or hazes are inappropriate. Dark colors are not expected
unless strongly tannic varieties of fruit were used.
Mouthfeel: Lighter than other ciders, because higher alcohol
is derived from addition of sugar rather than juice. Carbonation
may range from still to champagne-like.
Overall Impression: Like a dry white wine, balanced, and
with low astringency and bitterness.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still,
petillant, or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (dry
or medium).
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.070 – 1.100
FG:
0.995 – 1.010
ABV:
9 – 12%
Commercial Examples: [US] AEppelTreow Summer’s End
(WI), Wandering Aengus Pommeau (OR), Uncle John’s Fruit
House Winery Fruit House Apple (MI), Irvine's Vintage Ciders
(WA)
This is an open-ended category for cider or perry with other adjuncts
such that it does not fit any of the categories above. This includes the
use of spices and/or other sweeteners. A cider with added honey may
be entered here if the cider character remains dominant. Otherwise it
should be entered as mead in the cyser sub-category.
Aroma/Flavor: The cider character must always be present,
and must fit with adjuncts.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant. Color should be that of a common
cider unless adjuncts are expected to contribute color.
Mouthfeel: Average body, may show tannic (astringent) or
heavy body as determined by adjuncts.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify all major ingredients and
adjuncts. Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still, petillant,
or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (dry or
medium).
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.045 – 1.100
FG:
0.995 – 1.020
ABV:
5 – 12%
Commercial Examples: [US] Red Barn Cider Fire Barrel (WA),
AEppelTreow Pear Wine and Sparrow Spiced Cider (WI)
such that it does not fit any of the categories above. This includes the
use of spices and/or other sweeteners. A cider with added honey may
be entered here if the cider character remains dominant. Otherwise it
should be entered as mead in the cyser sub-category.
Aroma/Flavor: The cider character must always be present,
and must fit with adjuncts.
Appearance: Clear to brilliant. Color should be that of a common
cider unless adjuncts are expected to contribute color.
Mouthfeel: Average body, may show tannic (astringent) or
heavy body as determined by adjuncts.
Comments: Entrants MUST specify all major ingredients and
adjuncts. Entrants MUST specify carbonation level (still, petillant,
or sparkling). Entrants MUST specify sweetness (dry or
medium).
Vital Statistics:
OG:
1.045 – 1.100
FG:
0.995 – 1.020
ABV:
5 – 12%
Commercial Examples: [US] Red Barn Cider Fire Barrel (WA),
AEppelTreow Pear Wine and Sparrow Spiced Cider (WI)